Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users

Spijkerman, Ingrid J. B.; Ameijden, E. J. C. Van; Mientjes, G. H. C.; Coutinho, Roel A.; Hoek, Anneke van den

doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00180-1

Cited by 125 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Women were more likely to report an injection site infection, and this has also been found in other studies [7,8,11,15]. This could reflect a greater awareness of infections, and/or a greater vulnerability to injection site infections in female injectors [14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The current study found that frequent injection, the use of certain injection sites (hand, groin, legs), and the reuse of injecting paraphernalia were all associated with reporting symptoms of injection site infections during the last year. Previous studies have found similar associations [8,11,12,14,15], and also associations with inadequate washing of hands or cleaning of the injection sites [6,11,12], and the use of multiple injection sites [11,12]. The associations with particular injection sites needs further examination, but may reflect some of these sites being more difficult to keep clean or the need to use certain sites due to others becoming unusable due to vascular damage, injury, or infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Injection site infections have been associated with poor hygiene and unsafe injection practices including: inadequate cleaning of the hands or the injection sites [11][12][13]; needle and syringe re-use [8,11] ; frequent injection [8,[14][15][16] ; subcutaneous injection [6,11] ; the injection sites used [8,13,16]; the drugs injected [8,11,14,15] ; and drawing blood back into the syringe repeatedly [9]. Higher levels of these infections have also been reported to be associated with environmental factors, including poor housing and homelessness [3,4,13], and with gender [3,4,8,14] and source of income [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The extent of injection site infection in injecting drug users: findings from a national surveillance study

Hope¹,

Marongiu²,

Parry³

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYInjection site infections in injecting drug users (IDUs) are associated with serious morbidity and healthcare costs. Factors associated with symptoms of these were examined through annual (2006)(2007)(2008) unlinked-anonymous survey of IDUs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Overall 36% (1863/5209) self-reported having a symptom with no trend over time (35 % 2006, 37 % 2007, 34 % 2008). Symptoms were less common in the North East of England ; increased with years injecting ; and were higher in women, those recently homeless, those recently using a needle exchange, and those injecting both opiates and stimulants. Of those injecting during the previous 4 weeks (n=3733) symptoms were associated with : injecting daily ; injecting o10 times a day; injecting into hands, groin, or legs ; sharing filters; and reusing water to flush syringes. Symptoms of injection site infections are common in IDUs. Better-targeted preventive interventions are needed, and continued surveillance should assist with assessing the impact of new initiatives.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The extent of injection site infection in injecting drug users: findings from a national surveillance study

Hope¹,

Marongiu²,

Parry³

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of such infections (Lowy & Miller, 2002) and, although usually minor in nature, sequelae such as osteomyelitis and bacteraemia are not uncommon, and severe invasive diseases including infective endocarditis have been reported (Spijkerman et al, 1996). Little is known about the epidemiology of S. aureus amongst IVDUs, as modern molecular epidemiological methods have only been applied to the study of outbreaks among drug users (Fleisch et al, 2001), rather than analysing endemic strains (Lowy & Miller, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from intravenous drug user lesions

Monk

Curtis

Paul

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…In addition, IDUs are at increased risk for contracting other blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B and C viruses (3) and are at increased risk of endocarditis, cellulitis, and abscesses compared to noninjectors (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Contextual Factors Associated with Entry into Opiate Agonist Treatment Among Injection Drug Users

Lloyd

Ricketts

Strathdee

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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We tested hypotheses that social living arrangement and drug use in one's network are independently associated with entry into opiate agonist treatment modalities. Injection drug users (IDUs) attending the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program who received a referral for drug abuse treatment were studied. Baseline interviews, HIV testing, and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) were administered. Agency records were used to confirm entry into a treatment program offering opiate agonist maintenance therapy within 30 days of the baseline interview. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of treatment entry. To date, of 245 IDUs, 39% entered such a program. Multivariate logistic regression models controlling for age and intervention status revealed that compared to individuals who lived alone, in a controlled, or nonstable environment (e.g., streets, abandoned house, transitional housing program, or boarding house), individuals who lived with a sexual partner were 3 times more likely to enter treatment (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]=3.04; p=0.013) and those who lived with family or friends were almost 3 times more likely to enter treatment (aOR=2.72; p=0.016). In the bivariate analyses, a marginal association was observed between being responsible for children or others and entry into treatment (p=0.066); however, this association was not significant in the multivariate model. Findings from this study suggest that supportive living environments may facilitate entry into treatment and may be helpful in devising appropriate and targeted interventions to encourage drug treatment entry.

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Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users

Cited by 125 publications

References 20 publications

The extent of injection site infection in injecting drug users: findings from a national surveillance study

The extent of injection site infection in injecting drug users: findings from a national surveillance study

Genetic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from intravenous drug user lesions

Social Contextual Factors Associated with Entry into Opiate Agonist Treatment Among Injection Drug Users

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