Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Tuberculosis Patients in Mumbai

Abstract

Background:Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to Tuberculosis (TB) disease. TB accelerates the progression of HIV infection to AIDS and shortens the survival of such patients.Aim:To determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection among TB confirmed patients in a tertiary care center in Mumbai in view of the significance of HIV in TB. Its association with gender and age was also determined.Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected by venipuncture from 432 TB patients and their HIV status was determined. HIV antibody detection was carried out as per Strategy III, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) guidelines. Statistical analysis was carried out by applying the Chi-square test.Results and Conclusion:Of the 432 patients screened, 9% (39) were HIV positive. The prevalence of co-infection was higher among females (9.4%) than the male (8.7%) patients and highest amongst those aged 21to40 years (13.7%). Co-infection was found to be statistically highly associated with age (p < 0.05). This high prevalence calls for routine screening of TB patients for HIV infection.

Characteristics of HIV Co-Infected Patients among Tuberculosis Patients Accessing Care at a DOTS Clinic in South-Eastern Nigeria

“…There were more female HIV positive patients than males. This is similar to the findings of other studies [16] [20] [21]. This may be explained by the fact that the penile-vaginal transmission by an infected individual in a single sexual exposure is as low as one in 100 from woman to man and as high as one in 300 from man to woman [22].…”

Prevalence of TB/HIV Co-Infection in Countries Except China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…After removal of duplicates and initial screening, we reviewed 138 papers in full. After exclusion of ineligible reports, our final sample was 47 studies (n = 272,466) were included in this review [11], [14]–[59] ( Figure 1 ). The characteristics of the included studies were shown in Table S1 .…”

“…Six reports each were from the USA (226,904)[11], [17]–[19], [22], [54] and Brazil (4,841) [29], [37], [42], [46], [49], [56], five were from Nigeria (2,520) [21], [32], [47], [52], [55], four each were from Ethiopia (2,609) [28], [34], [36], [44] and Spain (10,809) [14], [24], [26], [40], three were from India (1,825) [27], [45], [59], two each were from Iran (721) [43], [53], South Africa (374) [23], [50], Zambia (2,309) [16], [35], and Zimbabwe (2,049) [15], [58], and one each was from Cambodia (441) [25], Trinidad and Tobago (121) [41], Israel (1,059) [51], Netherland (13,269) [30], Singapore (184) [48], Tanzania (233) [39], Thailand(54) [31], Togo(569) [57], UK(157) [20], Ukraine(968) [33], and Vietnam(450) [38]. Twenty-nine reports screened HIV infection among TB patients (n = 22,884)[15]–[17], [19]–[23], [26]–[28], [31], [33]–[36], [38], [41], [42], …”

“…Twenty-nine reports screened HIV infection among TB patients (n = 22,884)[15]–[17], [19]–[23], [26]–[28], [31], [33]–[36], [38], [41], [42], [48], [50]–[52], [54]–[59], and eleven reports screened TB patients among HIV/AIDS patients (12,627)[14], [25], [32], [39], [40], [43]–[47], [53], and the screening method was unknown in the remaining seven (236,955) [11], [18], [24], [29], [30], [37], [49]. Tuberculosis was diagnosed by combination of chest radiography and sputum culture in 9 studies (n = 6,562) [15], [28], [31], [34], [36], [39], [42], [50], [58], by combination of chest radiography, sputum culture and PPD skin test in 1 studies (459) [43], by sputum culture in 17 studies (14,769)[14], [16], [17], [22], [25]–[27], [32], [33], [38], [41], [44], [45], [47], [48], [52], [54], by PPD skin test in 1 study (262) [53], by chest radiography in 1 stud...…”

“…Tuberculosis was diagnosed by combination of chest radiography and sputum culture in 9 studies (n = 6,562) [15], [28], [31], [34], [36], [39], [42], [50], [58], by combination of chest radiography, sputum culture and PPD skin test in 1 studies (459) [43], by sputum culture in 17 studies (14,769)[14], [16], [17], [22], [25]–[27], [32], [33], [38], [41], [44], [45], [47], [48], [52], [54], by PPD skin test in 1 study (262) [53], by chest radiography in 1 study (2072) [35], by combination of chest radiography and PPD skin test in 1 studies (161) [23]; the method of diagnosis was unknown in the remaining seventeen(248,181)[11], [18]–[21], [24], [29], [30], [37], [40], [46], [49], [51], [55]–[57], [59]. HIV/AIDS was diagnosed by blood in 25 studies (14,953)[15]–[17], [20], [21], [23], [27], [28], [33]–[36], [39], [41], [43], [44], [47], [48], [51...…”