HIV and tuberculosis co-infection in a highly HIV-infected population of rivers state, Nigeria

Okonko, I. O.; Anyanwu, Amaoge; Osadebe, Anwuli U.; Odu, N. N.

doi:10.1080/15321819.2018.1529681

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is consistent with our previous findings in a similar study in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria which reported a higher prevalence in patients above 45 years of age [4]. This observation differs from our previous study [27] in Port Harcourt, Nigeria which reported a higher prevalence in patients below 30 years. It also deviates from other related studies which reported HIV/TB co-infection is consistently high among the younger population [28,29].…”

Section: Tuberculosis In Hiv-infected Individualssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Lawson et al [30] also were stated that females were more prone to HIV/TB co-infection than males. However, this outcome is in harmony with other previous studies, in Port Harcourt, Nigeria [27], in Calabar, Nigeria [26] and Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria [24]. Odaibo et al [31] argued that gender does not play any significant role in the rate of HIV/TB coinfection.…”

Section: Tuberculosis In Hiv-infected Individualssupporting

confidence: 87%

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Prevalence of Some Opportunistic Infections (OIs) and Co-infections among HIV-Infected Persons in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Okonko

Onwusor

Awanye

et al. 2020

SAJRM

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Aim: HIV/AIDS continues to spread globally and remains a worldwide pandemic. Opportunistic infections (OIs) occur more and are severe in people living with HIV who have weakened immune systems, and co-infection is another major challenge because it affects the rate to which the disease progress to AIDS. In the present study, a total of 100 HIV positive patients were recruited and evaluated for the presence of common opportunistic infections (OIs) and co-infections among HIV-infected individuals in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Prime Medical Consultants in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between June 2012 and July 2015. Methods: A total of 100 HIV-infected individuals were recruited for this study (ages 1 to 70 years, 62 males and 38 females). Samples of blood, sputum, high vaginal swabs (HVS) and scrapped lesion from the mouth of the patients were collected. Blood samples were re-screened for the presence of HIV antibodies and HBsAg using the Determine HIV-1/2 (Alere), HIV ½ Stat-Pak (Chembio), HIV-1/2/P24/O ELISA kit and HBsAg one Ultra ELISA kit (Dia.Pro) following the respective manufacturer's instructions. The Ziehl-Neelsen sputum smear microscopy method was used for identifying tuberculosis (TB). Microscopical examination was done on HVS samples and lesions scrapings from the mouth to observe for Candida. Chi-square test was used to establish relationships between demographic factors and prevalence, and significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Of the 100 HIV positive patients, suspected case were 32.0% of TB, 28.0% of oral thrush and vaginosis, and 19.0% of hepatitis. The results of the laboratory analysis further showed that tuberculosis was the most common OI among others. Overall prevalence was 22.0% for TB, 11.0% for Candida albicans (oral thrush), 28.9% for Candida albicans (vaginosis) and 4.0% for HBV. Higher prevalence of TB was observed in the age groups 41 years & above (35.7%, P=0.14) and in males (22.6%, P=0.86). As for Candida albicans, the higher prevalence was found in age groups 21-40 years (19.1%, P=0.03) and in females only (28.9%), and higher prevalence of HBV was found in age groups 41 years & above (9.1%, P=0.78) and in females (5.3%, P=0.61). None of the variables (age and sex) evaluated in this study was statistically associated (P>0.05) with TB, Candida and HBV prevalence. Conclusion: The study has also shown that some opportunistic infections (candidiasis and Tuberculosis) and coinfections with HBV is prevalent among HIV infected individuals and this could largely be due to a compromised immune system as a result of the viral activities in the host cell. There is need therefore to routinely check for OIs and co-infections especially in the case of an immunocompromised individual. It is also imperative to note that the appropriate use of drugs against these OIs may be one of the strategies to extend the life span of AIDS patients. This will help to monitor how the disease progresses and its complications.

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Section: Tuberculosis In Hiv-infected Individualssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Tuberculosis In Hiv-infected Individualssupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of Some Opportunistic Infections (OIs) and Co-infections among HIV-Infected Persons in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Okonko

Onwusor

Awanye

et al. 2020

SAJRM

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“…(2011) in Port Harcourt City which revealed a seropositivity rate of 18.8%. Okonko et al in 2018 had reported 14.0% among HIV-infected patients in Port Harcourt and 2020, reported 1.4% among HIV-infected patients in old Cross River State, Nigeria. This wide gap could be explained by the fact that these research works were done in hospitals and in communities where people with full-blown AIDS can be found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis among University Students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2021

Preprint

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Assessment of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is crucial to detect HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection and the strategy for infection management and treatment. This study assessed the proportion of students with HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. Two hundred and thirty five university students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were recruited, ages 16 to 39 years. Samples of blood were collected and processed using standard laboratory procedures. All the students were screened for antibodies to HIV using 2 rapid screening strips and a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based kit for determination of HIV-1/2/P24/O. Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was done using Global TB rapid kits and a commercially available ELISA-based kit. The results showed that 3.4% of the students were positive for HIV, 2.1% for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and none for HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. The age-specific infection rate showed a higher HIV infection rate in the age group 16-24 years (4.7%) than less than 25 years (2.8%). While higher Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection rate occurred in the age group >25 years (2.8%) than in less than 25 years (2.3%). The gender-specific infection rate showed that females had a higher infection rate (HIV, 4.7% and TB, 2.3%) than males (HIV, 2.6% and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1.7%). Age and sex were the main correlates (P<0.05) of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study further confirmed the presence of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections among University students. These findings suggest the need for regular screening of University students for HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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“…al. [9][10], who also found the majority of HIV-infected subjects to be females. The higher percentage of females observed in this study could be attributed to females being at a higher risk for HIV infection in developing countries especially in sub-Saharan Africa [10].…”

Section: Demographic Characteristics Of Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero Prevalence of HIV and HCV Coinfection in the Highly HIV-infected Population of Rivers State, Nigeria

Okonko

Cookey

Frank-Peterside

2021

AJRIMPS

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Background: Hepatitis C affects 5–15% of the 38 million people living with HIV globally. Africa which has the second highest prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection following Asia. This alarming statistics has made it crucial that studies be done to also ascertain the HIV/HCV co-infection prevalence in the country and host factors which may influence the co-infection. Objective: Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of HCV infection amongst the HIV population of Rivers state, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), in Rivers State, Nigeria, from February 2017 to September 2019. Methods: In this study, 226 HIV-infected individuals were recruited comprising 105 males and 121 females. These subjects were screened for the presence of HIV and HCV using ELISA and was performed according to the kit manufacturer’s stipulations. The demographic characteristics of the participants were obtained using a questionnaire designed for the study. Results: The presence of antibodies to HIV-1 reconfirmed the HIV status in all the study subject. A seroprevalence rate of 0.0% was observed for HIV/HCV infection. The ratio of females to males was found to be 1.2:1. The ages of the study population ranged from 16 to 70 years with a median age of 42.5 years. A large number (30.5%, n = 69) of the participants were within the age group 40 – 49 years, followed by those within 30 – 39 years (26.1%, n= 59), 50 – 59 years (17.3%, n = 39) and >59 years (13.7%, n = 31). Participants that were within younger age groups had less population; 20 – 29 years (9.7%, n = 22), with those that are <20 years having the least population (2.7%, n = 6). Many (49.1%, n = 111) of the study participants were found to be married. About 46.5% (n = 105) of them were single, while a few (4%, n = 10) were widowed. Conclusion: No coinfection of HIV/HCV was found, in spite of Nigeria being endemic for HCV. However, despite this zero rate of HIV/HCV coinfection, routine screening for HCV markers should be carried out to reduce morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals.

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HIV and tuberculosis co-infection in a highly HIV-infected population of rivers state, Nigeria

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Prevalence of Some Opportunistic Infections (OIs) and Co-infections among HIV-Infected Persons in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Prevalence of Some Opportunistic Infections (OIs) and Co-infections among HIV-Infected Persons in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Detection of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis among University Students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Zero Prevalence of HIV and HCV Coinfection in the Highly HIV-infected Population of Rivers State, Nigeria

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