Human fetal anatomy of the coccygeal attachments of the levator ani muscle

Niikura, Hitoshi; Jin, Zhe Wu; Cho, Baik Hwan; Murakami, Gen; Yaegashi, Nobuo; Lee, Jong Kyun; Lee, Nae Ho; Li, Chun Ai

doi:10.1002/ca.20983

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…No intergender difference was found in the distribution, size or number of the pelvic LFs. Details of this pelvic topographical anatomy have been published in a separate article, in which both the present specimens and other midterm fetuses are described (Niikura et al, , 2010.…”

Section: Lower Abdominal and Pelvic Lymphaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Kim¹,

Han²,

Jin³

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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Using semiserial sections from 19 human fetuses of 8-30 weeks gestation, we examined the topohistology of the upper abdominal lymphatics and compared it with that of the lower abdominal and pelvic lymphatics. The upper abdominal lymphatics were characterized by an intimate relationship with the peritoneal lining, a common mesentery for the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Lymphatic connections from the upper abdominal viscera to the paraaortic and paracaval areas followed two routes: (1) from the intestinal mesentery, along the peritoneum on the left aspect of the proximal SMA, via the chain of lymph follicles (LFs) lying along the retropancreatic fusion fascia, to drain into the LFs around the left renal vein; (2) from sites along the peritoneum on the posterior wall of the omental bursa, via the root of the hepatoduodenal ligament, to drain into LFs around the vena cava. The development of these two posterior drainage routes seemed to be promoted by the peritoneum or a peritoneal remnant (i.e., fusion fascia) attaching to the great vessels, and inhibited or impeded by the developing nerves and diaphragm. No paraaortic, paracaval, or pelvic LFs lay along the peritoneum. The pelvic Abbreviations used: AO ¼ aorta; CHA ¼ common hepatic artery; crus ¼ crus of the diaphragm; CT ¼ celiac trunk; D1, D2, D3, and D4 ¼ the first, second, third, or fourth portion of the duodenum, respectively; GL ¼ autonomic ganglion; IVC ¼ inferior vena cava; JA ¼ upper jejunal artery; LGA ¼ left gastric artery; LF ¼ lymph follicle; LRV ¼ left renal vein; panc ¼ pancreas; PC ¼ peritoneal cavity; PV ¼ portal vein; RGEA ¼ right gastroepiploic artery; SMA ¼ superior mesenteric artery; SMV ¼ superior mesenteric vein; SPA ¼ splenic artery; t.colon ¼ transverse colon; TD ¼ thoracic duct; VP ¼ Vater's papilla.

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Section: Lower Abdominal and Pelvic Lymphaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Kim¹,

Han²,

Jin³

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…Using similar semiserial sections, the authors recently made sure of absence of morphological abnormalities in the neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of the same fetus Niikura et al, 2010) although, at these dates for study, the surface observation did not reveal any head anomaly. The present findings may provide some clues as to the cause of such restricted abnormalities in the human head.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Jin

Kim

et al. 2011

Clinical Anatomy

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A report on an unusual combination of anomalies in the head of a female fetus. The authors examined whole body semiserial paraffin sections of a female fetus (155 mm CRL; ∼18 weeks of gestation), with a particular focus on the head region. Cranial autonomic ganglia, nasal olfactory cells, and the orbital muscle were investigated using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calretinin, and smooth muscle actin expression. The surface gross anatomy of the fetus appeared normal. The left eyeball lacked a lens (the eyeballs were otherwise normal). The orbital muscle was very thick and located in the anterolateral side of the extraocular muscles. Conversely, the extraocular muscles made a cluster in the superoposterior side of the orbit. The infratemporal fossa was small due to the bulky, transversely extended lateral pterygoid process in contrast to the small coronoid process of the mandible. The bilateral mandibular bases overlapped at the midline symphysis. The thin orbitosphenoid and thick alisphenoid provided an almost flat, anterior cranial base. Nasal olfactory cells and cranial autonomic ganglia appeared to be normal. No major anomaly was observed in the brain. Because of the changes in topographical anatomy, the orbital muscle probably lost its normal bony attachment and appeared to push the extraocular muscles superoposteriorly. A gene function redundancy rather than mutation may explain the present restricted anomalies in the mandible and pterygoid process.

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“…Between parts of a single muscle, we know of few examples of a site-dependent difference in development and growth. Our limited knowledge extends to two muscles: (i) the courses of the diaphragm appear to develop later than the major, dome-like part (Hayashi et al 2011); (ii) the posterior part of the levator ani muscle develops later than the anterior part (Niikura et al 2010). However, these examples do not include a change in appearance of the topographical relationship between a muscle and a thick nerve penetrating it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fetal developmental change in topographical relationship between the human lateral pterygoid muscle and buccal nerve

et al. 2012

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In adults, the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is usually divided into the upper and lower heads, between which the buccal nerve passes. Using sagittal or horizontal sections of 14 fetuses and seven embryos (five specimens at approximately 20-25 weeks; five at 14-16 weeks; four at 8 weeks; seven at 6-7 weeks), we examined the topographical relationship between the LPM and the buccal nerve. In large fetuses later than 15 weeks, the upper head of the LPM was clearly discriminated from the lower head. However, the upper head was much smaller than the lower head in the smaller fetuses. Thus, in the latter, the upper head was better described as an 'anterior slip' extending from the lower head or the major muscle mass to the anterior side of the buccal nerve. The postero-anterior nerve course seemed to be determined by a branch to the temporalis muscle (i.e. the anterior deep temporal nerve). At 8 weeks, the buccal nerve passed through the roof of the small, fan-like LPM. At 6-7 weeks, the LPM anlage was embedded between the temporobuccal nerve trunk and the inferior alveolar nerve. Therefore, parts of the LPM were likely to 'leak' out of slits between the origins of the mandibular nerve branches at 7-8 weeks, and seemed to grow in size during weeks 14-20 and extend anterosuperiorly along the infratemporal surface of the prominently developing greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Consequently, the topographical relationship between the LPM and the buccal nerve appeared to 'change' during fetal development due to delayed development of the upper head.

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Human fetal anatomy of the coccygeal attachments of the levator ani muscle

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Fetal developmental change in topographical relationship between the human lateral pterygoid muscle and buccal nerve

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