Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Kim, Jihyun; Han, Eui-Hyeog; Jin, Zhe‐Wu; Lee, Hern-Ku; Fujimiya, Mineko; Murakami, Gen; Cho, Baik Hwan

doi:10.1002/ar.21527

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Rather, immature lymphocytes likely proliferate in mesenteric lymph nodes. In contrast to cervical, mediastinal and pelvic nodes, the masses of mesenteric nodes increase markedly in late stage human fetuses in and along the peritoneal fusion at territories of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries (Kim et al, ). We hypothesized that, at least in humans, primitive lymphocytes originating from around the yolk sac blood island first move to the mesenteric nodes, not to the liver, spleen and/or intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Liver, Spleen, Intestines, and Mesenteric Nodes: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Human Fetuses at 15–16 Weeks

Hwang

Kim

et al. 2014

The Anatomical Record

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The roles of the liver and intestines in lymphocyte differentiation in human fetuses were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of the thymus, bone marrow, liver, spleen, intestines, and lymph nodes of 15-16 week human fetuses using primary antibodies against IgM, CD3, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD20, CD45RO, HLA-DR, and CD68. The density of immunoreactive lymphocytes was high in the thymus and lymph nodes, but much lower in the bones, liver, spleen, and intestines. The medulla of the thymus contained IgM-positive mature B lymphocytes as well as CD20-positve B lymphocytes. In contrast, CD10-positive immature B lymphocytes were restricted in the cortex. There were no site-dependent differences among axillary, mediastinal, mesenteric, and pelvic lymph nodes. CD68-positive cells were observed at all sites examined. Many HLA-DR-positive round cells were present in the thymus, with fewer in the liver and spleen. The absolute number of lymphocytes was estimated to be 10-fold higher in lymph nodes than in liver. Although limited by analysis of only one fetal stage, these findings suggest that mesenteric nodes are likely to be more important than the liver, spleen, and intestines for lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation in human mid-term fetuses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Liver, Spleen, Intestines, and Mesenteric Nodes: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Human Fetuses at 15–16 Weeks

Hwang

Kim

et al. 2014

The Anatomical Record

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“…Finally, the abdominal alimentary canal wall was rich in LVs, whereas the esophagus was not. These findings indicated that fetal LVs are not a miniature version of adult LVs, findings supported by later detailed examination conducted along and around the fetal lesser sac (Kim et al. in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

The anatomy of fetal peripheral lymphatic vessels in the head‐and‐neck region: an immunohistochemical study

Cho

Cheong

et al. 2011

Journal of Anatomy

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Using D2-40 immunohistochemistry, we assessed the distribution of peripheral lymphatic vessels (LVs) in the head-and-neck region of four midterm fetuses without nuchal edema, two of 10 weeks and two of 15 weeks' gestation. We observed abundant LVs in the subcutaneous layer, especially in and along the facial muscles. In the occipital region, only a few LVs were identified perforating the back muscles. The parotid and thyroid glands were surrounded by LVs, but the sublingual and submandibular glands were not. The numbers of submucosal LVs increased from 10 to 15 weeks' gestation in all of the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cavities, but not in the palate. The laryngeal submucosa had an extremely high density of LVs. In contrast, we found few LVs along bone and cartilage except for those of the mandible as well as along the pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear, tooth germ, and the cranial nerves and ganglia. Some of these results suggested that cerebrospinal fluid outflow to the head LVs commences after 15 weeks' gestation. The subcutaneous LVs of the head appear to grow from the neck side, whereas initial submucosal LVs likely develop in situ because no communication was evident with other sites during early developmental stages. In addition, CD68-positive macrophages did not accompany the developing LVs.

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“…Submesothelial fibrous components were fewer in and along the liver and abdominal gastrointestinal tract than the lung in a same section. The thin submesothelial tissue in the abdomen might be a result of no or few veins and lymphatics contained [1819]. The subpleural fibers might conduct mechanical stress from the thoracic wall to the lung ECM with or without modification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the pulmonary pleura with special reference to the lung surface morphology: a study using human fetuses

et al. 2018

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In and after the third trimester, the lung surface is likely to become smooth to facilitate respiratory movements. However, there are no detailed descriptions as to when and how the lung surface becomes regular. According to our observations of 33 fetuses at 9–16 weeks of gestation (crown-rump length [CRL], 39–125 mm), the lung surface, especially its lateral (costal) surface, was comparatively rough due to rapid branching and outward growing of bronchioli at the pseudoglandular phase of lung development. The pulmonary pleura was thin and, beneath the surface mesothelium, no or little mesenchymal tissue was detectable. Veins and lymphatic vessels reached the lung surface until 9 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. In contrast, in 8 fetuses at 26–34 weeks of gestation (CRL, 210–290 mm), the lung surface was almost smooth because, instead of bronchioli, the developing alveoli faced the external surfaces of the lung. Moreover, the submesothelial tissue became thick due to large numbers of dilated veins connected to deep intersegmental veins. CD34-positive, multilayered fibrous tissue was also evident beneath the mesothelium in these stages. The submesothelial tissue was much thicker at the basal and mediastinal surfaces compared to apical and costal surfaces. Overall, rather than by a mechanical stress from the thoracic wall and diaphragm, a smooth lung surface seemed to be established largely by the thick submesothelial tissue including veins and lymphatic vessels until 26 weeks.

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Fetal Topographical Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Lymphatics: Its Specific Features in Comparison With Other Abdominopelvic Regions

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Liver, Spleen, Intestines, and Mesenteric Nodes: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Human Fetuses at 15–16 Weeks

Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Liver, Spleen, Intestines, and Mesenteric Nodes: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Human Fetuses at 15–16 Weeks

The anatomy of fetal peripheral lymphatic vessels in the head‐and‐neck region: an immunohistochemical study

Development of the pulmonary pleura with special reference to the lung surface morphology: a study using human fetuses

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