Human exposure estimates for phthalates.

Kohn, Michael C.; Parham, Frederick; Masten, Scott A.; Portier, Christopher J.; Shelby, Michael D.; Brock, John W.; Needham, Larry L.

doi:10.1289/ehp.108-a440b

Cited by 217 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For phthalate metabolite data, two calculation methods produced similar results (David 2000; Kohn et al 2000). For illustrative purposes, we show the method of David (2000) as expressed by Koch et al (2003a):…”

Section: Internal Dose and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The first data on urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations, including MEP and MEHP, reported in a U.S. population of 289 adults from NHANES III (Blount et al 2000b), were used to calculate exposures to the corresponding phthalate diesters (David 2000; Kohn et al 2000). Subsequently, the CDC reported U.S. nationally representative urinary concentrations of seven phthalate metabolites in 2,540 participants of NHANES 1999–2000 (Silva et al 2004a) and of 10 phthalate metabolites in 2,782 participants of NHANES 2001–2002 (CDC 2005).…”

Section: Internal Dose and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case Study

Calafat

McKee

2006

Environ Health Perspect

173

113

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The probability of nonoccupational exposure to phthalates is high given their use in a vast range of consumables, including personal care products (e.g., perfumes, lotions, cosmetics), paints, industrial plastics, and certain medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Phthalates are of high interest because of their potential for human exposure and because animal toxicity studies suggest that some phthalates affect male reproductive development apparently via inhibition of androgen biosynthesis. In humans, phthalates are rapidly metabolized to their monoesters, which can be further transformed to oxidative products, conjugated, and eliminated. Phthalate metabolites have been used as biomarkers of exposure. Using urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations allows accurate assessments of human exposure because these concentrations represent an integrative measure of exposure to phthalates from multiple sources and routes. However, the health significance of this exposure is unknown. To link biomarker measurements to exposure, internal dose, or health outcome, additional information (e.g., toxicokinetics, inter- and intraindividual differences) is needed. We present a case study using diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as examples to illustrate scientific approaches and their limitations, identify data gaps, and outline research needs for using biomonitoring data in the context of human health risk assessment, with an emphasis on exposure and dose. Although the vast and growing literature on phthalates research could not be covered comprehensively in this article, we made every attempt to include the most relevant publications as of the end of 2005.

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Section: Internal Dose and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Internal Dose and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case Study

Calafat

McKee

2006

Environ Health Perspect

173

113

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“…The biomarker results translate to daily exposures for DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP of 1.5, 0.88, and 0.71 μg/kg/day in the United States (Kohn et al 2000); 0.95, 0.71, and 0.84 μg/kg/day in the United States (derived from data from Barr et al 2003, their Table 1, using the procedure outlined by Kohn et al 2000); and 5.22, 0.60, and 13.8 μg/kg/day in Germany (Koch et al 2003). These findings confirm the relatively large daily exposure to phthalates in industrialized countries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study

Bornehag

Sundell

Weschler

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

731

477

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Global phthalate ester production has increased from very low levels at the end of World War II to approximately 3.5 million metric tons/year. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential associations between persistent allergic symptoms in children, which have increased markedly in developed countries over the past three decades, and the concentration of phthalates in dust collected from their homes. This investigation is a case–control study nested within a cohort of 10,852 children. From the cohort, we selected 198 cases with persistent allergic symptoms and 202 controls without allergic symptoms. A clinical and a technical team investigated each child and her or his environment. We found higher median concentrations of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) in dust among cases than among controls (0.15 vs. 0.12 mg/g dust). Analyzing the case group by symptoms showed that BBzP was associated with rhinitis (p = 0.001) and eczema (p = 0.001), whereas di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was associated with asthma (p = 0.022). Furthermore, dose–response relationships for these associations are supported by trend analyses. This study shows that phthalates, within the range of what is normally found in indoor environments, are associated with allergic symptoms in children. We believe that the different associations of symptoms for the three major phthalates—BBzP, DEHP, and di-n-butyl phthalate—can be explained by a combination of chemical physical properties and toxicologic potential. Given the phthalate exposures of children worldwide, the results from this study of Swedish children have global implications.

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“…Researchers say they are constantly being released into the environment through migration, evaporation, leaching and abrasion from consumer products (Wittasek et al 2011, p. 8). The primary route of human exposure to phthalates is through food contaminated as the chemicals migrate from plastic packaging (Kohn et al 2000, Clark et al 2003, Colacino et al 2010. Additional routes of exposure include inhalation of fragrances, hair sprays, and cleaning products and dermal absorption from handling toys and other items.…”

Section: The Ubiquity Of Everyday Toxicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Wannabe Toxic-Free?’ From precautionary consumption to corporeal citizenship

Scott

Haw

Lee

2016

Environmental Politics

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Ecological citizens are increasingly encouraged to adopt 'precautionary consumption' -a set of practices aimed at shielding them from the potential health harms of exposures to everyday toxics. The utility and the effects of precautionary consumption in relation to common chemical exposures are investigated. Precautionary consumption is not only of questionable utility, but is fundamentally misguided as an approach for inspiring antitoxics organizing. The failure of this approach is in part due to its assumption of a naturally bounded, autonomous individual who is able to maintain an impermeable boundary between herself and the environment. Drawing on the work of material feminist theorists, it is argued that Gabrielson and Parady's notion of corporeal citizenship, an approach that places bodies into a complex web of material, ecological relations entangled with the social, offers several strategic advantages for framing resistance strategies.

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Human exposure estimates for phthalates.

Abstract: ND, not determined. a All values in µg/kg/day based on a maximum creatinine clearance of 20 mg/kg/day. b Estimated intake taken from ATSDR, IPCS, or EU draft risk assessments. c From Doull et al. (4) using ATSDR estimates.

Cited by 217 publications

References 22 publications

Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case Study

Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case Study

The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study

‘Wannabe Toxic-Free?’ From precautionary consumption to corporeal citizenship

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