Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with physicians and nurses working in two state-funded southern French hospitals, this article explores why and how medical care providers connected their everyday deliberations about patient care to what they considered to be distinctively French forms of medical responsibility. Many healthcare professionals saw French medical morality in opposition to 'Anglo-Saxon' discourses of individual autonomy and transactional choice. In contrast to such 'transactionalism', they insisted that 'French' ethics required limits that transcended particular circumstances. And yet it was difficult for doctors and nurses working in secular and increasingly neoliberal hospitals to argue against individual transactionalism in an overtly moral register, one that might appear religious and paternalist. Through a close look at two different cases-one in assisted reproduction and one in palliative care-I show how the language of folk psychoanalysis provided some health professionals with a way out of this impasse. Care providers used pseudo-psychoanalytic accounts of patient subjectivities to depict individuals as incapable of knowing, let alone 'owning' or rationally mastering, themselves. This, in turn, suggests that some aspects of French secularity may be far less Protestant and liberal than contemporary anthropological work tends to assume. In the spring of 2017, a southern French hospital's public-facing bioethics institution, its espace éthique, brought in a national superstar-Jean-François Mattei-to give a talk on comparative bioethics. Mattei, a former legislator, practising doctor, and founding member of a prestigious regional bioethics institution, drew a crowd of doctors, nurses, and midwives to the old medical school amphitheatre. All were keen to hear a talk on what Mattei called 'various approaches to questions with no good answers'. But rather than talk about questions with no good answers, Mattei delivered an encomium to 'French' bioethics. Focusing on issues often covered in the French press, notably embryonic stem cell research and surrogacy, he told the audience that other countries had bad political or philosophical reasons for their approaches. According to Mattei, British doctors were too 'pragmatic' , engineering the category 'pre-embryo' as a 'convenience' that allowed scientists to experiment on embryos during the first weeks of existence, when they can still divide. This exceptional pre-person form of life, he noted, was a cynical ploy that allowed the British to claim that they were respecting human dignity from the moment the embryo became an indivisible entity, or a person.