Human cytotoxic T cell responses to vaccinia virus vaccination

Vaccinia virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans

“…Specific anti-vaccinia virus CD4+ or CD8+ CTL responses were not detected in studies performed with subhuman primates (26) or with humans (11,22). Early attempts by Perrin et al to detect CTL in the PBMC of vaccinia virus-immune humans were unsuccessful (22).…”

“…In vitro stimulation allows for proliferation of antigen-specific CTL after the NK activity subsides. It is possible that the failure of Graham et al and Littania et al to demonstrate human vaccinia virus-specific CD8+ CTL was due to the inactivated nature of the stimulating antigen in their experimental systems (11,15). We generated vaccinia virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ CTL lines from two donors, one whose PBMC were obtained 2 months post revaccination and one whose PBMC were obtained 4 years post revaccination.…”

“…Helper and cytotoxic T-cell responses following infection with poxviruses have been documented in a number of different animal species (2,5,12); however, the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vaccinia virus-immunized humans had not been demonstrated. Investigators at several laboratories have previously attempted to detect vaccinia virusspecific CTL responses in humans postimmunization but have reported negative results (11,22,26). Littaua et al, however, recently demonstrated that vaccinia virus-specific memory CD4+ CTL are present in vivo and could be cloned * Corresponding author.…”

Biological weapons

“…Earlier studies failed to detect vaccinia-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) either in non-human primates or in humans [19][20][21], although poxvirus-specific CTLs were described in animal models [22,23]. Perrin et al advanced the hypothesis that non-T cytotoxic lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors and acting in the presence of specific antibodies were responsible for the vaccinia-virus cytotoxic activity observed in the PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of vaccinia-immune healthy humans [19].…”

Local epidermal viral infections: Comparative aspects of vaccinia virus, herpers simples virus and human papillomavirus in man and orf virus in sheep

“…Cell-mediated cytolytic activity is associated with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and natural killer cells. The generation of cytotoxic T cells (T c) is thought to be one of the main responses in experimentally infected animals, although such cells have not been detected in the peripheral blood of vaccinated volunteers [10]. Lymphoproliferative responses, probably of Thelper (T H) and Tdelayed hyp ...... itivity (TDH) subsets, to VV are found and antibodies are thought to help protect against dissemination of the virus from the local site and against re-infection.…”