Local epidermal viral infections: Comparative aspects of vaccinia virus, herpers simples virus and human papillomavirus in man and orf virus in sheep

Yirrell, David

doi:10.1016/0928-8244(94)90098-1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Vaccinia virus robustly replicates in the skin when inoculated via scarification, the current and classical route for smallpox vaccination (Moss, 2001; Yirrell et al, 1994). VV-infects both suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes as expected, but also sizable numbers of mobile inflammatory leukocytes recruited to infected keratinocytic lesions (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomically Restricted Synergistic Antiviral Activities of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Skin

Hickman

Reynoso

Ngudiankama

et al. 2013

Cell Host & Microbe

151

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SUMMARY Despite extensive ex vivo investigation, the spatiotemporal organization of immune cells interacting with virus-infected cells in tissues remains uncertain. To address this, we used intravital multiphoton microscopy to visualize immune cell interactions with virus-infected cells following epicutaneous vaccinia virus (VV) infection of mice. VV infects keratinocytes in epidermal foci, and numerous migratory dermal inflammatory monocytes outlying the foci. We observed Ly6G+ innate immune cells infiltrating and controlling foci, while CD8+ T cells remained on the periphery killing infected monocytes. Most antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the skin did not interact with virus-infected cells. Blocking the generation of reactive nitrogen species relocated CD8+ T cells into foci, modestly reducing viral titers. Depletion of Ly6G+ and CD8+ cells dramatically increased viral titers, consistent with their synergistic but spatially segregated viral clearance activities. These findings highlight previously unappreciated differences in the anatomic specialization of antiviral immune cell subsets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomically Restricted Synergistic Antiviral Activities of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Skin

Hickman

Reynoso

Ngudiankama

et al. 2013

Cell Host & Microbe

151

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“…In cows, the virus may hinder the specific defence mechanisms of the mammary gland [26], thus allowing bacterial infections to result in mastitis [72]. The virus reduces the immunological response of the animal [69], e.g. by reducing the number of antigen-presenting cells in affected tissues [67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teat disorders predispose ewes to clinical mastitis after challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica

et al. 2006

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-In order to study the effects of sheep teat disorders on the protection of the mammary gland, we used a Mannheimia haemolytica isolate, which did not cause clinical mastitis when deposited into intact teats. In the first experiment, this was deposited into the duct of teats with orf (Group A, n = 5) or papilloma (Group B, n = 3). In the second, teats were chapped and then, the organism was deposited into the duct (Group C, n = 7) or on the skin (Group D, n = 4). Ewes with healthy teats were controls (Group E, deposition into duct, n = 5; Group F, deposition on skin, n = 2). The ewes in Groups A, B or C developed clinical mastitis 5 h later, whilst the ewes in Group D developed it 2 d later; no control ewe developed clinical mastitis. In ewes with teat lesions, the organism was isolated from secretion samples and the California Mastitis Test became positive 5 h after challenge; neutrophils and lymphocytes were seen in Giemsa-stained secretion films from Group A or B ewes, whilst macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in films from Group C or D ewes; neutrophils were predominating in films from Group E or F ewes. Inside the teats of Group A, B, C or D ewes, folds, hyperaemia and mucosal thickness were seen; histologically, subepithelial leucocytic infiltration was seen. In Group A or B ewes, no evidence of lymphoid tissue at the teat duct-cistern border was found. In Group C or D ewes, intense erosion and ulceration of the teat skin and conspicuous lymphoid tissue at the teat duct-cistern border, were evident; lesions characteristic of haemorrhagic mastitis were in the mammary parenchyma. In control ewes, subepithelial leucocytic infiltration in the teat duct and lymphoid tissue as above, were evident. We postulate that teat lesions can be predisposing factor to mastitis, by adversely affecting defences and speeding the process of infection and making it more severe. mastitis / sheep / teat / predisposing factor / orf

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“…16,17 Secondary bacterial infections have also previously been shown to increase the severity and duration of orf lesions in lambs. 18,19 In another study, severe lesions were produced in lambs concurrently infected with D congolensis and orf virus, but not with either agent alone. 20 We were not able to demonstrate a Dermatophilus infection in these sheep, and the significance of the Staphylococcus bacteria isolated from 2 of the sheep is unknown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Atypical Parapoxvirus Infection in Sheep

Smith

Scherba

Constable

et al. 2002

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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This report describes the clinical and laboratory findings for 5 sheep from 3 different flocks with extensive proliferative skin lesions grossly resembling warts on the distal limbs. The lesions affected the front and rear extremities in all sheep, and 2 sheep also had lesions around the head. The sheep exhibited signs of pain when the lesions were touched, and most sheep were reluctant to move. Various empirical treatments, including systemic antibiotics, topical antibiotics, and antifungal ointments, were administered without clinical improvement. Diagnostic tests including skin biopsy and histopathology, examination of skin scrapings, bacteriology, mycology, electron microscopy of lesions, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the lesions were the result of parapoxvirus infection. All 5 animals were euthanized either because of the lack of resolution of clinical signs or a decision by the owner. These animals illustrate an atypical presentation of parapoxvirus infection in sheep (orf, contagious ecthyma, and scabby mouth). The infection appeared to be minimally contagious; however, the lesions did not spontaneously resolve. This appears to be the 1st report of such lesions in multiple sheep in North America, although similar lesions have been reported in Israel and the United Kingdom.

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Local epidermal viral infections: Comparative aspects of vaccinia virus, herpers simples virus and human papillomavirus in man and orf virus in sheep

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Anatomically Restricted Synergistic Antiviral Activities of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Skin

Anatomically Restricted Synergistic Antiviral Activities of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Skin

Teat disorders predispose ewes to clinical mastitis after challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica

Atypical Parapoxvirus Infection in Sheep

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