Human Culture, Ecological Change, and Infectious Disease:

Aj, McMichael

doi:10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.007002107.x

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Although control and management of many endemic diseases in rich countries have improved, new diseases such as BSE and HPAI have emerged (17). Some consider that we face a third epidemiological transition of disastrous consequence in which globalization and ecological disruption drive disease emergence and reemergence (18); as occurred in the first epidemiological transition (associated with neolithic sedentarization and the domestication of livestock), the worst of the emerging diseases are likely to be zoonotic (19).…”

Section: Major Trends In Disease Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics

Perry

Grace

Sones³

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

169

125

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We review the global dynamics of livestock disease over the last two decades. Our imperfect ability to detect and report disease hinders assessment of trends, but we suggest that, although endemic diseases continue their historic decline in wealthy countries, poor countries experience static or deteriorating animal health and epidemic diseases show both regression and expansion. At a mesolevel, disease is changing in terms of space and host, which is illustrated by bluetongue, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus, and it is also emerging, as illustrated by highly pathogenic avian influenza and others. Major proximate drivers of change in disease dynamics include ecosystem change, ecosystem incursion, and movements of people and animals; underlying these are demographic change and an increasing demand for livestock products. We identify three trajectories of global disease dynamics: (i) the worried well in developed countries (demanding less risk while broadening the circle of moral concern), (ii) the intensifying and market-orientated systems of many developing countries, where highly complex disease patterns create hot spots for disease shifts, and (iii) the neglected cold spots in poor countries, where rapid change in disease dynamics is less likely but smallholders and pastoralists continue to struggle with largely preventable and curable livestock diseases.disease drivers | spatial and host dynamics | diversity of disease trajectories

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Section: Major Trends In Disease Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics

Perry

Grace

Sones³

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

169

125

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“…The population of Central America may have declined from 25 million in 1518 to 700 000 a century later [13, p. 144]. The Atlantic slave trade may have brought malaria and yellow fever to the Americas [3]. Syphilis is one of the rare diseases which may have travelled from the New to the Old World [15].…”

Section: Geographical and Chronological Evolution Of Epidemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are good reasons to suspect that epidemics of infectious diseases first appeared in agrarian societies, i.e. societies of which agriculture and/or animal husbandry were the main forms of subsistence, setting the pulse of the entire community [1][2][3]. The geographical and chronological evolution of these epidemics is fairly well established but whether or not these outbreaks occurred uniformly over time has never been shown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and population patterns in the Chinese Empire (243b.c.e. to 1911c.e.): quantitative analysis of a unique but neglected epidemic catalogue

Morabia

2009

Epidemiol. Infect.

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A catalogue of dates and places of major outbreaks of epidemic diseases, that occurred in the Chinese Empire between 243 B.C.E. and 1911 C.E., combined with corresponding demographic data, provides a unique opportunity to explore how the pressure of epidemics grew in an agrarian society over 2000 years. This quantitative analysis reveals that: (1) the frequency of outbreaks increased slowly before the 12th century and rapidly thereafter, until 1872; (2) in the first millennium of our era, the people of China lived for decades free of major epidemics; in the second millennium, major outbreaks occurred every couple of years, but were localized; (3) in the more recent centuries, these outbreaks were as common, but disseminated to more places. This evolution, closely matching the demographic growth, was similar in the north and south of China, and therefore may have been similar in other regions of the world.

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“…First, the high density of interacting individuals in the city provides a host population large enough to support the continuous circulation of pathogens. Prior to the generalization of urbanization since the industrial period, pathogens – most of which originate from animal reservoirs – were limited to infecting only those in rural areas and upon killing the relatively fewer human hosts accessible to them, the pathogen population itself could not sustain itself (McMichael 2001). With urbanization, the circumstances changed to better enable the survival of pathogens, not only in terms of providing a sufficient number of human hosts, but also by providing certain unhygienic conditions that created a favourable biophysical environment for both pathogens and disease vectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Cities

Ali

Keil

2007

Geography Compass

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The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that unfolded at various locations throughout the world represented the first collective threat to public health that was amplified by the processes and structures of our contemporary globalized society – such as, the compression of time and space and increased linkages between various cities of the world. In this article, the global outbreak of SARS in 2003 is used as an empirical referent to discuss the implications of infectious disease spread among and within cities under the conditions of globalization. To capture the uniquely dynamic qualities associated with infectious disease outbreaks under globalizing conditions, we suggest that conventional accounts of the spatial diffusion of pathogens incorporate topological principles that are sensitive to such properties as: fluidity, flows, mobility and networks, that now play a critical role in disease diffusion. If the rise of farming was . . . a bonanza for our microbes, the rise of cities was a greater one, as still more densely packed human populations festered under even worse sanitation conditions. (Diamond 1999, 205)The explosive increase of world travel by Americans, and in immigration to the United States, is turning us into another melting pot – this time, of microbes that we previously dismissed as just causing exotic diseases in far‐off countries. (Diamond 1999, 206)

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Human Culture, Ecological Change, and Infectious Disease:

Cited by 35 publications

References 27 publications

Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics

Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics

Epidemic and population patterns in the Chinese Empire (243b.c.e. to 1911c.e.): quantitative analysis of a unique but neglected epidemic catalogue

Contagious Cities

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