Human Cryptosporidiosis: A Clinical Perspective

Shikani, Henry J.; Weiss, Louis M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_9

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are zoonoses and are described as important causes of diarrhea (FAYER, 1997;PEDROSO & AMARANTE, 2006). In an immunocompetent individual, these diseases may assume a self-limiting characteristic with clinical manifestations of low expression, but in an immunocompromised patient they may manifest in a severe and prolonged form (MITSUKA-BREGANÓ et al, 2010;PEDROSO & AMARANTE, 2006;SHIKANI & WEISS, 2014). The description of these protozoa in food and waterborne outbreaks (BERGER et al, 2010;CHEUN et al, 2013;MAC KENZIE et al, 1994;SILVA et al, 2005;VAUDAUX et al, 2010;YEUNG et al, 2013) highlights the importance of leafy vegetables, which are consumed in natura and facilitate the transmission of these protozoa and other pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

Ferreira

Caldart

Freire

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with vegetable contamination with zoonotic protozoan. Samples of water, soil and vegetables were collected from July/2014 to May/2016, totaling 83 samples, 21 properties of Londrina region, Paraná, Brazil. DNA amplification of Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in the samples was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results were positive for T. gondii in 12.9% (8/62), Cryptosporidium spp. in 11.3% (7/62) and G. intestinalis in 25.8% (16/62) of the samples. DNA sequencing identified C. parvum in five samples and G. intestinalis Assemblage E in three. The statistical associations demonstrated greater probability of positive samples for T. gondii and for at least one of the three protozoa when the source of irrigation water was the river; a greater chance of positive samples for Cryptosporidium spp. when deer were present on the property; and a smaller chance of positive samples for at least one of the three etiologic agents when soil was supplemented with limestone. The results expose some critical contamination points, providing support for training farmers on good management practices during the production process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

Ferreira

Caldart

Freire

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…Cryptosporidiosis in humans is caused primarily by Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis (Phylum Apicomplexa) . Infection with these protozoans is the second-most frequent cause of diarrhea in infants living in developing nations [ 1 ] and is relatively common in immunocompromised individuals [ 2 , 3 ]. As typically observed with other coccidia, rapid multiplication of the parasite in the intestinal epithelium compromises intestinal function and leads to diarrhea and malabsorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of pig intestinal cell monolayers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum asexual stages

et al. 2018

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BackgroundHuman cryptosporidiosis is caused primarily by two species of apicomplexan protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis. In cultured cell monolayers, the parasite undergoes two generations of asexual multiplication (merogony). However, the proportion of parasites completing the life-cycle is low and insufficient to sustain continuous propagation. Due to the intracellular location of meronts and later life-cycle stages, oocyst and sporozoites are the only forms of the parasite that can readily be isolated.ResultsResearch on the replicating forms of Cryptosporidium parasites and their interaction with the host cell remains challenging. Based on an RNA-Seq analysis of monolayers of pig epithelial cells infected with C. parvum, here we report on the impact of merogony on the host’s gene regulation. Analysis of the transcriptome of infected and uninfected monolayers demonstrates a significant impact of the infection on host cell gene expression. A total of 813 genes were differentially expressed. Functional terms significantly altered in response to infection include phosphoprotein, RNA binding and acetylation. Upregulation of cell cycle pathways indicates an increase in mitosis. Notably absent from differentially enriched functional categories are stress- and apoptosis-related functions. The comparison of the combined host-parasite transcriptome reveals that C. parvum gene expression is less diverse than the host cell transcriptome and is highly enriched for genes encoding ribosomal functions, such as ribosomal proteins.ConclusionsThese results indicate that C. parvum infection significantly changes host biological functions and provide new insight into gene functions driving early C. parvum intracellular development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2754-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Many waterborne outbreaks reported in the past decade do not limit C. parvum infection to developing countries, but have been reported in Canada, USA, Sweden, and France as a result of tap water contamination ( Putignani and Menichella, 2010 ). On one hand, Cryptosporidium causes persistent diarrhea and stunting in young children ( Putignani and Menichella, 2010 ; Bouzid et al, 2013 ; Richard et al, 2014 ; Shikani and Weiss, 2014 ) and, on the other hand, AIDS patients can develop a chronic infection that can be fatal ( Chen et al, 2002 ; Chalmers and Davies, 2010 ; Bouzid et al, 2013 ; Mead and Arrowood, 2014 ). The major issue comes from the lack of efficacious treatment options for cryptosporidial infections ( Mead and Arrowood, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As one of the major causative agents of cryptosporidiosis in humans, along with Cryptosporidium hominis ( Cacciò et al, 2005 ), C. parvum causes self-limiting watery diarrhea or persistent and severe diarrhea depending on the age and the immune status of the patient ( Chalmers and Davies, 2010 ; Putignani and Menichella, 2010 ; Shikani and Weiss, 2014 ). Indeed, C. parvum infection has been reported to be life-threatening in AIDS patients, among which the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was determined to be 14% in developed countries and 24% in developing countries ( Collinet-Adler and Ward, 2010 ; Putignani and Menichella, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) arrests Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro and prevents lethal infection in interferon gamma receptor knock-out mice

et al. 2015

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Cryptosporidium parvum is a species of protozoa that causes cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal disease affecting many mammals including humans. Typically, in healthy individuals, cryptosporidiosis is a self-limiting disease. However, C. parvum can cause a severe and persistent infection that can be life-threatening for immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients. As there are no available treatments for these patients that can cure the disease, there is an urgent need to identify treatment options. We tested the anti-parasitic activity of the alkylphosphocholine oleylphosphocholine (OlPC), an analog of miltefosine, against C. parvum in in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro experiments using C. parvum infected human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8 cells) showed that OlPC has an EC50 of 18.84 nM. Moreover, no cell toxicity has been seen at concentrations ≤50 μM. C57BL/6 interferon gamma receptor knock-out mice, were infected by gavage with 4000 C. parvum oocysts on Day 0. Oral treatments, with OlPC, miltefosine, paromomycin or PBS, began on Day 3 post-infection for 10 days. Treatment with OlPC, at 40 mg/kg/day resulted in 100% survival, complete clearance of parasite in stools and a 99.9% parasite burden reduction in the intestines at Day 30. Doses of 30 and 20 mg/kg/day also demonstrated an increased survival rate and a dose-dependent parasite burden reduction. Mice treated with 10 mg/kg/day of miltefosine resulted in 50% survival at Day 30. In contrast, control mice, treated with PBS or 100 mg/kg/day of paromomycin, died or had to be euthanized between Days 6 and 13 due to severe illness. Results of parasite burden were obtained by qPCR and cross-validated by both flow cytometry of stool oocysts and histological sections of the ileum. Together, our results strongly support that OlPC represents a potential candidate for the treatment of C. parvum infections in immunocompromised patients.

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Human Cryptosporidiosis: A Clinical Perspective

Cited by 10 publications

References 224 publications

The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

Transcriptome analysis of pig intestinal cell monolayers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum asexual stages

Oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) arrests Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro and prevents lethal infection in interferon gamma receptor knock-out mice

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