The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

Ferreira, Fernanda Pinto; Caldart, Eloiza Teles; Freire, Roberta Lemos; Mitsuka‐Breganó, Regina; Freitas, Felipe M.; Miura, Ana Carolina; Mareze, Marcelle; Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso; Urbano, Mariana Ragassi; Seifert, Adilson Luiz; Navarro, Italmar Teodorico

doi:10.1590/s1984-296120180050

Cited by 38 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…However, increasing reports of toxoplasmosis have coincided with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Toxoplasmosis outbreaks related to vegetables generally occurred because of contamination during the production, including planting, harvesting, transport, and distribution, but also during processing and consumption ( 42 ). In 2009, an investigation of a cluster of 11 cases of acute toxoplasmosis in a factory with 2,300 employees in São Paulo State, Brazil, revealed vegetable ingestion as the suspected transmission route ( 43 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis

Ferreira¹,

Caldart²,

Pasquali³

et al. 2019

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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We report on apparent temporal progression of probable sources of infection and transmission routes for global human toxoplasmosis outbreaks as described in published articles. We searched the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, and outbreaks. We found that transmission routes for Toxoplasma gondii varied by decade. In the 1960s and 1990s, toxoplasmosis outbreaks mainly occurred through ingestion of cysts in meat and meat derivatives; in the 1980s, through milk contaminated with tachyzoites; in 2000, due to the presence of oocysts in water, sand, and soil; and in 2010, due to oocysts in raw fruits and vegetables. Our study suggests a possible change in the epidemiology of reported toxoplasmosis outbreaks. Because of this change, we suggest that greater attention be paid to the disinfection of vegetables, as well as to the quality of water used for drinking and irrigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis

Ferreira¹,

Caldart²,

Pasquali³

et al. 2019

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Membranes and lettuce samples were processed by scraping elution and centrifugation described by Franco, Branco, and Leal () and Ferreira et al (), respectively. Regarding cheese samples, 25 g was macerated and homogenized with a 225 ml of 0.1% solution of Tween‐80 in a sample stomacher for 2 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artisan fresh cheese from raw cow's milk as a possible route of transmission in a toxoplasmosis outbreak, in Brazil

Costa

Ferreira

Almeida

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Background: The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis occurring in the municipality of Montes Claros de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil, from December 2015 to August 2016. Seven acute cases in June 2016 triggered the subsequent search. Methods: A total of 251 individuals were selected through an active search, of which 114 (45.4%) agreed to participate in the research and blood collection. For serological diagnosis were used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgM and avidity tests. Results: Of the 114 serum samples evaluated, 12.3% (14/114) showed antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, with a profile indicative of acute infection. Samples of artisan fresh cheese, public water, vegetables and irrigation water were collected.Toxoplasma gondii DNA fragments were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from two samples of artisan fresh cheese and a sample of irrigation water from the vegetable garden. A control case study was carried out, and the variable cow's artisan fresh cheese consumption was statistically significant (p = .01). Conclusions: The results showed that cheese analysed and/or irrigated water of vegetable represented an important route of transmission for the disease. This is the first reported outbreak possibly caused by cow's artisan fresh cheese. It is difficult to prove that these routes were the cause of the outbreak; however, the findings allow us to infer that the individuals involved in the outbreak were in contact with these risk factors. K E Y W O R D Sepidemiology, food, foodborne disease, surveillance, Toxoplasma gondii

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“…The sludge, in turn, was centrifuged in 50 mL Falcon tubes at 2,100 g/10 min, yielding a final supernatant volume of 50 mL. The vegetables were processed according to Ferreira et al (2018). The DNA extraction was performed using a commercial kit (NucleoSpin Tissue, Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and DNA was eluted in a final volume of 50 μl.…”

Section: /521 519mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main points for contamination of plants by T. gondii and other parasites are during production. Horizontalization of agriculture makes it difficult to track microbes and assure food quality, since responsibility is decentralized and the goods are handled at a greater number of different establishments, increasing the chances of contamination during the entire process (washing, packaging, transport, storage, distribution and sale) (FERREIRA et al, 2018;PACHECO et al, 2003).…”

Section: /521 519mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation and environmental analysis of samples from outbreak of toxoplasmosis at research institution in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, 2016

Ferreira

Mitsuka‐Breganó

Monica

et al. 2019

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis at a research institution in Londrina, Paraná, from December 2015 to February 2016. Blood samples from 26 symptomatic individuals were collected and the microparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay was performed to detect IgM, IgG and specific IgG avidity test in the official laboratory. A total of 20 people with symptoms and serology compatible with acute toxoplasmosis (IgM positive and IgG with low avidity) were selected as cases, while 45 asymptomatic employees working in the same teams and during the same shifts were selected as controls. All the participants of the investigation answered an epidemiological questionnaire. Three samples of water and one sludge from the institution's supply cisterns, 10 soil samples, 11 plant samples, three cat fecal samples and one domestic feline cadaver were collected for analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for T. gondii. After analyzing the epidemiological data, the consumption of vegetables in the restaurant of the institution was the only variable associated with the occurrence of the disease. In laboratory results, all the samples showed negative results to PCR. The rapid recognition of the outbreak, early notification and investigation could have broken the chain of transmission early, thus preventing the emergence of new cases. In addition, the adoption of good food handling practices could have prevented the occurrence of the outbreak.

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The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens

Cited by 38 publications

References 63 publications

Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis

Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis

Artisan fresh cheese from raw cow's milk as a possible route of transmission in a toxoplasmosis outbreak, in Brazil

Investigation and environmental analysis of samples from outbreak of toxoplasmosis at research institution in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, 2016

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