Human African Trypanosomiasis in Suburban and Urban Areas: A Potential Challenge in the Fight Against the Disease

Tongue, L. Kohagne

doi:10.4172/2161-0681.s3-002

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Only some species of tsetse flies (for example, G. p. gambiense ) can coexist with relatively high human densities,155 and the reduction of other alternative food sources can increase the contact between humans and the fly. The intense urbanization process observed in Africa has led to the periurban foci of gambiense HAT 36,105,106,157…”

Section: The Future Of the Disease: Elimination And Global Environmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Franco¹,

Simarro²,

Diarra³

et al. 2014

CLEP

259

230

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is an acute disease located in eastern and southern Africa. The rhodesiense form is a zoonosis, with the occasional infection of humans, but in the gambiense form, the human being is regarded as the main reservoir that plays a key role in the transmission cycle of the disease. The gambiense form currently assumes that 98% of the cases are declared; the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country, with more than 75% of the gambiense cases declared. The epidemiology of the disease is mediated by the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the vectors (tsetse flies), as well as with the human and animal hosts within a particular environment. Related to these interactions, the disease is confined in spatially limited areas called “foci”, which are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in remote rural areas. The risk of contracting HAT is, therefore, determined by the possibility of contact of a human being with an infected tsetse fly. Epidemics of HAT were described at the beginning of the 20th century; intensive activities have been set up to confront the disease, and it was under control in the 1960s, with fewer than 5,000 cases reported in the whole continent. The disease resurged at the end of the 1990s, but renewed efforts from endemic countries, cooperation agencies, and nongovernmental organizations led by the World Health Organization succeeded to raise awareness and resources, while reinforcing national programs, reversing the trend of the cases reported, and bringing the disease under control again. In this context, sustainable elimination of the gambiense HAT, defined as the interruption of the transmission of the disease, was considered as a feasible target for 2030. Since rhodesiense HAT is a zoonosis, where the animal reservoir plays a key role, the interruption of the disease’s transmission is not deemed feasible.

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Section: The Future Of the Disease: Elimination And Global Environmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intense urbanization process observed in Africa has led to the periurban foci of gambiense HAT. 36 , 105 , 106 , 157 …”

Section: The Future Of the Disease: Elimination And Global Environmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Franco¹,

Simarro²,

Diarra³

et al. 2014

CLEP

259

230

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Palpalis group tsetse, of which the G. fuscipes subspecies are estimated to be responsible for about 90% of all HAT cases [ 32 ] inhabit fairly conserved riparian environments [ 31 , 33 ]. The flies of this group are able to adapt to and easily colonize peridomestic habitats [ 25 ], including suburban areas surrounding cities, for example, Kinshasa, Libreville, Bonon, and Bangui [ 34 , 35 ]. These foci have been termed as “rural foci with urban manifestation” whereby infection does not typically occur within the city limits, but people get infected in the course of their forays into the tsetse-infested periphery of the city [ 36 ].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sleeping Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Wamwiri

Changasi

2016

BioMed Research International

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Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmitted by the tsetse fly continues to be a public health issue, despite more than a century of research. There are two types of the disease, the chronic gambiense and the acute rhodesiense-HAT. Fly abundance and distribution have been affected by changes in land-use patterns and climate. However, disease transmission still continues. Here, we review some aspects of HAT ecoepidemiology in the context of altered infestation patterns and maintenance of the transmission cycle as well as emerging options in disease and vector control.

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Human African Trypanosomiasis in Suburban and Urban Areas: A Potential Challenge in the Fight Against the Disease

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

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