Human adult stem cells from diverse origins: An overview from multiparametric immunophenotyping to clinical applications

Abstract

Stem cells are known for their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into at least one specialized cell type. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated initially from bone marrow but are now known to exist in all vascularized organ or tissue in adults. MSCs are particularly relevant for therapy due to their simplicity of isolation and cultivation. The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has proposed a set of standards to define hMSCs for laboratory investigations and preclinical studies: adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions; in vitro differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts; specific surface antigen expression in which !95% of the cells express the antigens recognized by CD105, CD73, and CD90, with the same cells lacking ( 2% positive) the antigens CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19, and HLA-DR. In this review we will take an historical overview of how umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, adipose-derived, placental and amniotic fluid, and menstrual blood stem cells, the major sources of human MSC, can be obtained, identified and how they are being used in clinical trials to cure and treat a very broad range of conditions, including heart, hepatic, and neurodegenerative diseases. An overview of protocols for differentiation into hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, neuronal, adipose, chondrocytes, and osteoblast cells are highlighted. We also discuss a new source of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and some pathways, which are common to MSCs in maintaining their pluripotent state.

Stem cells in three-dimensional bioprinting: Future perspectives

“…ASCs reside in the organs and tissue of the body that remain in an undifferentiated state and are self-renewing (19). When external stimuli prompt ASCs, such as the time when the body needs to heal or regenerate, they are able to differentiate into the specialized cell types of the tissue in which they are found.…”

“…ASCs are found in most tissues, although some have higher quantities than others. For example, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are found in the bone marrow and generate all of the components of blood, exist in higher quantities compared with cardiac and neural stem cells (19).…”

“…Specifically, HSCs have been used for many decades for transplantation to treat blood-related diseases (19). It was originally believed that HSCs were limited in their multipotency.…”

Methods of Liver Stem Cell Therapy in Rodents as Models of Human Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Failure

“…34 MSC that play a critical role in the bone marrow niche have the ability to self-renew or differentiate to other lineages. 35 MSC are positive for CD90, CD105 and CD73 and negative for CD45, CD34, CD14, CD11b, CD79a and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. 36 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed gene expression of CD90 and CD29 but not CD45 in MCS from rats. 37 The natural environments of MSC are hypoxic and published data showed hypoxia preconditioning to have supporting effects on the cell survival and genetic instability of these cells, confirming a new insight towards overcoming poor engraftment after transplantation at the bed side.…”

A VAPB e a Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica

“…According to the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy, there are three minimum criteria for defining human mesenchymal stem cells: (1) MSCs must be plastic-adherent when maintained in standard culture conditions; (2) MSCs must express CD105, CD73, and CD90, and lack expression of CD45, CD34, CD14, or CD11b, CD79a or CD19, and HLA-DR surface molecules, and (3) MSCs must differentiate to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro (76,77). MSCs have been isolated from almost all adult tissues, including bone marrow (78), adipose tissue (79), umbilical cord tissue (80), and others.…”