HPLC-ESI-MS/MS determination of zuclopenthixol in a fatal intoxication during psychiatric therapy

The aim of this review is to provide information for interpreting outcome results from monitoring of antipsychotics in biological samples. A brief overview of the working mechanisms, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and analytical methods of classical and atypical antipsychotics is given. Nineteen antipsychotics were selected based on their importance in the worldwide market as follows: amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, bromperidol, clozapine, flupenthixol, haloperidol, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, and zuclopenthixol. A straightforward relationship between administered dose, plasma or serum concentration, clinical outcome, or adverse effects is often lacking. Nowadays, focus lies on therapeutic drug monitoring and individualized therapy to find adequate treatment, to explain treatment failure or nonresponse, and to check patient compliance. However, extensive research in this field is still mandatory.

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“…196,198,199 More recently, LC-MS/MS is described with higher signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with single MS systems. [95][96][97]192,194 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…194 It has a moderate affinity for a 1 receptors, a weak affinity for histamine and serotonin receptors, and a negligible anticholinergic activity.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Common Antipsychotics

Patteet

Morrens

Maudens

et al. 2012

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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“…While endogenous components might no longer be detected using LC-MS methods, they can still significantly interfere with the quantification of a drug. [35,36] Therefore, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [25,30,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] and solidphase extraction (SPE) [15,16,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] are still most commonly used as a sample treatment prior to injection into the LC-MS system, as they provide the most thorough sample clean-up. Saar et al [60] systematically evaluated nine different combinations of extraction solvents and buffers in order to find the most suitable LLE method for the extraction of 19 APs.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6,8] While there are variations in the number of concentration levels and F/T cycles tested by some authors, it is most concerning that there is still a large number of methods where no F/T stability experiments were conducted at all. [14,16,17,[26][27][28]37,38,40,43,[46][47][48][49][57][58][59]61,65,92,95]…”

Section: Freeze-thaw Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in human matrices using LC‐MS(/MS)

Saar

Beyer

Gerostamoulos

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Antipsychotic drugs (APs) are prescribed for a wide range of psychotic illnesses. With more than 35 APs currently available worldwide, this drug class has rapidly gained importance in both clinical and forensic settings. On account of their chemical properties, many APs are present in human specimens at very low concentrations, which complicate their detection using standard gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedures that often cannot provide the required sensitivity. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry LC-MS(/MS) technology have enabled accurate detection and quantification of these compounds in various human specimens, indicated by the increasing number of published methods. Method validation has been a particular focus of analytical chemistry in recent times. Recommendations set by several guidance documents are now widely accepted by the toxicology community, as reflected by the guidelines drafted by leading toxicological societies. This review provides a critical review of single-stage and tandem LC-MS procedures for the detection and quantification of APs, with a particular emphasis on appropriate method validation. The quality of published methods is inconsistent throughout the literature. While the majority of authors incorporate some validation experiments in their respective method development, a large number of published methods lack essential components of method validation, which are considered mandatory according to the guidelines. If adapting a method for the detection of APs for use in a laboratory, analysts should ensure successful validation experiments for appropriateness and completeness have been conducted, and perform additional experiments when indicated.

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Current literature in mass spectrometry

2002

J. Mass Spectrom.

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In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (3 Weeks journals ‐ Search completed at 23rd. Jan. 2002)

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HPLC-ESI-MS/MS determination of zuclopenthixol in a fatal intoxication during psychiatric therapy

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Common Antipsychotics

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Common Antipsychotics

The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in human matrices using LC‐MS(/MS)

Current literature in mass spectrometry

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