How Wood Fuels’ Quality Relates to the Standards: A Class-Modelling Approach

Abstract

Abstract:The quality requirements of wood biofuels are regulated by a series of harmonized international standards. These standards define the technical parameter limits that influence the quality of solid biomass as a fuel. In 2014 the European reference standard for solid biofuel was replaced by the International ISO standard. In the case of wood chips, the main difference between the European and International standards is the definition of particle size distribution classes. In this context, this study analyses the quality of wood chips and its variation over the years according to the "former" (EN 14691-4) and "in force" (ISO 17225-4) standards. A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was built to predict the best quality of wood chips and to clarify the relationship between quality and standard parameters, time and changes in the standard regulations. The results show that, compared to the EN standards, classification with the ISO standards increases the samples belonging to the best quality classes and decreases the not classified samples. Furthermore, all the SIMCA models have a high sensitivity (>90%), reflect the differences introduced to the quality standards and are therefore suitable for monitoring the quality of wood chips and their changes.

Effects of Shoot Size and Genotype on Energy Properties of Poplar Biomass in Short Rotation Crops

“…The quality requirements of wood chips are regulated by a series of harmonized international standards that define the limits of technical parameters that influence their quality as a fuel [6]. The heating value (calorific value or heat of combustion) defines the energy content of a biomass fuel and is one of the most important characteristics for calculations and numerical simulations related to thermal systems [7], no matter how the biomass is used-in direct combustion or co-fired with other fuels [8].…”

Advanced Modeling for the Identification of Different Pathogen Tolerant Vines to Reduce Fungicides and Energy Consumption

“…To identify the most tolerant cultivars to the powdery mildew in term of disease incidence and severity were built two Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) [19][20][21] models (single class modeling approach) [22,23]. These were created on the Artificial dataset and tested on the three classes (Untreated, Treated 1 and Treated 2).…”

“…In this case, the modified model with expanded range was used in substitution of the first one introduced by Wold and Sjöström [19]. The procedure to build the model was reported by Zanetti et al [23]. The efficiency was evaluated by classification (training set) and prediction (evaluation set) matrices, which reported the percentage of correct classification for each considered class.…”

Lesni sekanci - pomembna oblika biomase v Sloveniji

“…Lesno biomaso glede na obliko in postopek obdelave oz. priprave delimo na drva, sekance, brikete, pelete in oglje (Zenetti, 2017). V primerjavi s peleti ali briketi so sekanci in drva minimalno obdelano gorivo in ima njihova proizvodna veriga manjši negativen vpliv na okolje kot pri ostalih gorivih, pri čemer je vpliv na okolje odvisen od sistema pridobivanja surovine (vključno z lokacijo) in produktivnosti strojev (postrojenj) za izdelavo goriva.…”

“…V primerjavi s peleti ali briketi so sekanci in drva minimalno obdelano gorivo in ima njihova proizvodna veriga manjši negativen vpliv na okolje kot pri ostalih gorivih, pri čemer je vpliv na okolje odvisen od sistema pridobivanja surovine (vključno z lokacijo) in produktivnosti strojev (postrojenj) za izdelavo goriva. Kljub dejstvu, da se lesni sekanci pojmujejo kot minimalno obdelano gorivo (Zenetti, 2017) in da je proizvodna veriga lahko relativno kratka, je pomembno, da je standardizirano, saj to predstavlja prednosti tako za proizvajalce kot za uporabnike, ne glede na to ali gre za neindustrijsko ali industrijsko uporabo.…”