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The standard (p°) 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation for gaseous pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, and dimethylpyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of combustion, in oxygen, at T ) 298.15 K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry, and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, at 298.15 K, measured by Calvet microcalorimetry: pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, -(580.6 ( 5.0) kJ‚mol -1 ; pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, -(608.0 ( 6.1) kJ‚mol -1 ; dimethylpyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, -(562.4 ( 4.2) kJ‚mol -1 . The enthalpy of formation for crystalline pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid was also derived from combustion calorimetry measurements as -(733.1 ( 2.0) kJ‚mol -1 . In addition, theoretical calculations using the density functional theory and the B3LYP/6-311G** hybrid exchange-correlation energy functional have been performed for these molecules in order to obtain the most stable geometries and to access their relative stabilities. The good correlation obtained between experimental and theoretical results allowed the estimation of the enthalpy of sublimation for pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid.

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Eight poplar genotypes grown in a short rotation forest plantation established in an acid soil in South Europe were sampled at the age of 7 years to determine the energy properties regarding thermochemical conversion. The goal was to address the effect of selection of genotypes or shoot size at harvest on the energy quality of biomass. Between 34 and 50 biomass samples were obtained for each genotype: three disks were systematically sampled along the stem and were pooled together with a subsample of leafless branches representative of the biomass share of this component. Several energy properties were determined: higher calorific value, net calorific value, fresh moisture content, basic density, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon content and elemental composition. Genotype had a significant effect on most of these properties, and the balsam genotypes displayed superior quality parameters and also higher biomass yield than the Euramerican genotypes. As a covariate, shoot basal diameter had a significant effect on the moisture content, basic density, ash content and on the concentrations of the elements N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na and C. It was concluded that genotypes with low nutrient requirements planted at low density (<8000 cuttings ha−1) and harvested at a long enough rotation (7 years) produce good yields and high chip quality. Poplar short rotation crops can be grown to produce chips of A2 quality for non-industrial heating use (according to UNE-EN ISO 17225-4), able to be combusted in domestic thermal facilities of <1 MWth power.