How transit scaling shapes cities

Wu, Hao; Levinson, David; Sarkar, Somwrita

doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0427-7

Cited by 38 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the implementation of e-monitoring is likely to have unintended consequences on the use of mass transit and, in turn, may lead to an unintended, though likely, increase in personal car use and, by extension, carbon emissions [41,42]. Reductions in mass transit usage may also lead to detrimental effects on health [43] and on residential land use [44]. Hence, governments and transit authorities wishing to employ digital epidemiology should think about alleviating the concerns riders may have regarding such approaches by adopting appropriate policies and, in tandem, incorporating strong educational campaigns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use

et al. 2020

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As the world adapts to COVID-19, the transport behaviour of commuters has been greatly modified. Governments and transit authorities will need strong, well-received mitigation measures and education campaigns to maintain the historically upward trend of sustainable mass transit usage following this pandemic. This study, from a survey of 1968 Canadians in early May 2020, reveals that, following the end of stay-at-home orders, commuters intend to use their cars more and mass transit less. Driving these behavioural changes are commuters’ perceptions that mass transit use will negatively impact their health safety, peace of mind, and travel experience. The results also show that certain mitigation measures, such as more frequent cleaning and mandatory hand washing, are likely to reduce this decline, whereas e-monitoring and the use of health certificates will be detrimental to mass transit ridership through user perception. These results can help lessen the environmental impact of the public returning to work by encouraging their continued use of more environmentally friendly modes of transportation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use

et al. 2020

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“…This potential absorbs all characteristics of a suburb, which indicate to what extent people are statistically attracted to it -this potential hence affects the aggregate relocation flows. These characteristics may include the distance to the centers of business or retail activity 37,38 , the public transport accessibility 39 , the quality of local infrastructure (schools and other local services) 36,40 , the housing affordability 37,41 , and perhaps, other publicly known but not explicitly defined subjective factors. Our model treats the attractiveness as a revealed quantitative characteristic of a suburb, inferring it from data, rather than being based on a particular subjective characterization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

City structure shapes directional resettlement flows in Australia

Slavko

Glavatskiy

Prokopenko

2020

Sci Rep

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Modern urban science views differences in attractiveness of residential suburbs as the main driver of resettlement within a city. In particular, certain suburbs may attract residents due to lower commute costs, and this is believed to lead to compactification of a city, with highly populated central business district and sprawled suburbia. In this paper we assess residential resettlement patterns in Australian capital cities by analyzing the 2011 and 2016 Australian Census data. Rather than explicitly defining a residential attractiveness of each suburb in subjective terms, we introduce and calibrate a model which quantifies the intra-city migration flows in terms of the attractiveness potentials (and their differences), inferring these from the data. We discover that, despite the existence of well-known static agglomeration patterns favouring central districts over the suburbia, the dynamic flows that shape the intra-city migration over the last decade reveal the preference directed away from the central districts with a high density of jobs and population, towards the less populated suburbs on the periphery. Furthermore, we discover that the relocation distance of such resettlement flows plays a vital role, and explains a significant part of the variation in migration flows: the resettlement flow markedly decreases with the relocation distance. Finally, we propose a conjecture that these directional resettlement flows are explained by the cities' structure, with monocentric cities exhibiting outward flows with much higher reluctance to long-distance relocation. This conjecture is verified across the major Australian capitals: both monocentric (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart) and polycentric (Darwin and Canberra). The modern world undergoes rapid urbanisation 1. Growing complexity of cities demands new fundamental understanding and rigorous models of the urban dynamics, including diverse and transient intra-urban migration patterns. At the same time, the increasing availability of large-scale spatiotemporal data (e.g., from censuses or surveys) provides an additional impetus for quantitative modelling of urban development and related dynamics 2-4. A consistent modeling framework for settlement formation does not yet exist 2 , despite an abundance of stable empirical patterns 5-12 and theoretical insights 13-22 that can potentially improve our understanding of how cities grow and self-organise. Contemporary cities are shaped by the long process of settlement formation and evolution which involves multiple types of migration and resettlement. In social sciences it is common to investigate population migration in the context of individual motivation and social consequences 23-25. However, heterogeneous preferences of individual residents cannot be easily integrated into their aggregate migration flows. The latter is a collective phenomenon which we believe is determined mainly by the spatial city structure 2. Furthermore, such migration patterns are usually persistent in time. In particular, w...

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“…To quantitatively measure the proportionality between population and the level of access to jobs, we group cities by country and fit scaling models 59 (Eq. (4)) to cities of the same countries.…”

Section: Scaling Access To Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban access across the globe: an international comparison of different transport modes

Avner

Boisjoly

et al. 2021

npj Urban Sustain

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Access (the ease of reaching valued destinations) is underpinned by land use and transport infrastructure. The importance of access in transport, sustainability, and urban economics is increasingly recognized. In particular, access provides a universal unit of measurement to examine cities for the efficiency of transport and land-use systems. This paper examines the relationship between population-weighted access and metropolitan population in global metropolitan areas (cities) using 30-min cumulative access to jobs for 4 different modes of transport; 117 cities from 16 countries and 6 continents are included. Sprawling development with the intensive road network in American cities produces modest automobile access relative to their sizes, but American cities lag behind globally in transit and walking access; Australian and Canadian cities have lower automobile access, but better transit access than American cities; combining compact development with an intensive network produces the highest access in Chinese and European cities for their sizes. Hence density and mobility co-produce better access. This paper finds access to jobs increases with populations sublinearly, so doubling the metropolitan population results in less than double access to jobs. The relationship between population and access characterizes regions, countries, and cities, and significant similarities exist between cities from the same country.

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How transit scaling shapes cities

Cited by 38 publications

References 58 publications

The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use

The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use

City structure shapes directional resettlement flows in Australia

Urban access across the globe: an international comparison of different transport modes

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