How to Integrate Electric Vehicles in the Future Energy System?

Abstract

This paper has been prepared for the "final conference of the socio-economic research of the 'Model region Electric Mobility Bremen/Oldenburg'", 18 th and 19 th August 2011 at Jacobs University in Bremen. AbstractMain challenges within the energy system of tomorrow are more volatile, less controllable and at the same time more decentralized electricity generation. Furthermore, the increasing research and development activities on electric vehicles (EV) make a significant share of electric vehicles within the passenger car fleet in 2030 more and more likely. This will lead to a further increase of power demand during peak hours.Answers to these challenges are seen, besides measures on the electricity supply side (e. g. investing in more flexible power plants or storage plants), in (1) grid extensions, which are expensive and time consuming due to local acceptance, and in (2) influencing electricity demand by different demand side management (DSM) approaches. Automatic delayed charging of electric vehicles as one demand side management approach can help to avoid peaks in household load curves and, even more, increase the low electricity demand during the night. This facilitates integrating more volatile regenerative power sources, too.Bidirectional charging (V2G) and storing of electricity extends the possibilities to integrate electric vehicles into the grid. But, comparing electricity storage costs and availability of electric vehicles with costs and technical conditions of other technologies leads to the conclusion, that vehicle to grid (V2G) is currently not competitive -but might be competitive in the future, e. g. within the electricity reserve market.In summary, the paper gives an overview of the future electricity market with the focus on electric vehicles and argues for automatic delayed charging of electric vehicles due to economic and technical reasons.

Model-Based Quantification of Load Shift Potentials and Optimized Charging of Electric Vehicles

“…Due to fast charging stations at home, a shortage in the local grid might occur especially in the evening hours. Besides the lowest-voltage grid, also the low-and medium-voltage grid might be affected in some regions [26]. Furthermore, the time of charging has an impact on the specific CO 2 emissions (and other emissions) during EV usage due to the time-dependent energy mix [27].…”

“…The results in Table 3 show that the peak demand in the week considered could have been met by EV at every time in the time horizon of the simulation. However, the duration of the request and the profitability for the customer [26] have a significant influence on its feasibility.…”

Assessing demand response with heat pumps for efficient grid operation in smart grids

“…This is threatened by a lack of awareness of and consumer interest in DR [18]. Thus, the DR potential is uncertain from a socio-demographic perspective [19].…”

On the Road to an Electric Mobility Mass Market—How Can Early Adopters be Characterized?

“…Smart energy home technologies are particularly focused on as along with higher penetration rates of EV there will be an increasing impact on the electricity system (cf. Jochem et al 2013). A higher share of EV in the car fleet will increase power demand during peak hours in residential areas considerably, if EV are not charged in a controlled "smart" way.…”

“…Possible solutions to this challenge could be provided by demand side management solutions, such as automatic delayed EV charging (cf. Jochem et al 2013). The technical solutions needed to make smart charging possible are based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and discussed as smart technologies, such as charging spots with smart meters.…”