“…Through immigration, refugees experience many stressful and traumatic situations prior to, during, and after transfer. They face family disturbances, the loss of close relatives, unsafe situations, physical and sexual abuse, bombing, arrest, and torture (Al-Smadi et al, 2017; McNeely et al, 2017; Stewart, Simich, Shizha, Makumbe, & Makwarimba, 2012). Refugees may also experience states of social exclusion or discrimination after migration, which are caused by their exclusion from the social system, lack of social status, increased rates of unemployment, and financial difficulties associated with low levels of services and lack of social containment (Araya, Chotai, Komproe, & deJong, 2011; Gladden, 2012; Henry, 2012; Tippens, 2016).…”