How roots of Picea abies and Fraxinus excelsior plantations contribute to soil strength and slope stability: evidence from a study case in the Hyrcanian Forest, Iran

Abstract

Although the effects of different vegetation cover on soil reinforcement due to their roots have been addressed in the literature, there remains a lack of assessment and comparison of root biomechanical properties of hardwood and softwood plantations for similar site conditions. To address this gap, two adjacent hillslopes with similar site conditions but different forest plantations, a Picea abies (softwood) and a Fraxinus excelsior (hardwood), were selected to assess and compare their effectiveness in protecting sloping soils. The profile trench method was used to obtain root distribution from both upslope and downslope sides of tree samples and on each side at two horizontal distances from the tree stems. Root tensile strength of live root samples was measured using a standard Instron Universal Testing Machine. A modified Wu and Waldron root reinforcement model was used to calculate root cohesion for the two plantations. The root tensile strength for was significantly greater for softwood than for hardwood trees (19.31 ± 2.64 vs 16.98 ± 1.01 MPa). Interestingly, the number of roots, root area ratio values, and the root tensile strength of the two species did not significantly differ between the upslope and downslope sides of trees. The results also showed a higher root cohesion for the softwood than the hardwood species (1.56 ± 0.34 vs 1.03 ± 0.21 kPa). In addition, softwood trees extended their contribution to soil protection to a larger horizontal distance compared with hardwood. However, our findings generally revealed that the values of root cohesion of both studied plantations were surprisingly lower than those found in earlier reports.

Root Distribution and Root Cohesion of Two Herbaceous Plants in the Loess Plateau of China

“…Root cohesion depends on root morphology, including root diameter and root number, and root mechanical strength [10,11]. Generally, root cohesion increases with root number, root diameter and root tensile strength [12,13]. However, plants with the highest tensile strength in the root system do not necessarily have the strongest root reinforcement [14,15].…”

Stability Reinforcement of Slopes Using Vegetation Considering the Existence of Soft Rock

“…Due to the catastrophic consequence caused by slope failure, many reinforcement methods have been developed, such as drainage systems [7], stabilizing piles [8], reinforcement of vegetation, among others. Due to its environmentally friendly characteristics compared to soil nails, geosynthetics, retaining structures, gabions and shotcrete, the reinforcement of vegetation, such as grass and shrubs, on the slope stability, has been gradually recognized [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and there are an increasing number of slope protection engineering with vegetation grew on the slope in recent years [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. In fact, vegetation-soil interaction and plant-soil-atmosphere interaction are rather complex, thus the mechanism and effectiveness of vegetation reinforcement on slope stability are significant and it has attracted much attention of researchers.…”