How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD

Biederman, Joseph; Petty, Carter R.; Evans, Maggie; Small, Jacqueline; Faraone, Stephen V.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.010

Cited by 394 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…With higher base‐rate levels of emotional problems among girls in the general Swedish population 74, the associations between ADHD and internalizing/emotional problems reported here could to some extent be explained by covariation. However, higher rates of internalizing and/or emotional problems among girls with ADHD have been commonly reported in both clinical and population‐ or community‐based studies 8, 16, 19, 29, 46, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81. Thus, ADHD symptoms seem to contribute to the total internalizing problem load in a gender‐specific manner 61.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with ADHD are at risk of school failure, emotional difficulties, substance misuse, antisocial behaviour, and poor peer relationships in adolescence 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and are more impaired in psychosocial, educational, and neuropsychological functioning as adults 15. ADHD affects both boys and girls in all areas of functioning, for example, academically, cognitively, psychosocially, and psychiatrically 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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ObjectiveTo examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.MethodSwedish children (n = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12. ADHD symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than ADHD.ResultsIncreasing levels of ADHD symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.ConclusionThe findings support the view that ADHD symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that ADHD symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Previous prospective studies have depended on outcomes from childhood ADHD cases referred to specialty treatment programs. 23 The single epidemiologic study of persistence of ADHD into adulthood depended on adult recall of childhood ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Previous, prospective studies have depended on outcomes for childhood ADHD cases referred to specialty treatment programs and therefore may not be representative of the entire population of individuals with ADHD. [4][5][6][7]9,11 Other limitations of some previous studies include dependence on adult recall of childhood ADHD, studies limited to boys, small samples, and diagnostic criteria that do not account for differences in ADHD symptoms between children and adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7]9,11 Other limitations of some previous studies include dependence on adult recall of childhood ADHD, studies limited to boys, small samples, and diagnostic criteria that do not account for differences in ADHD symptoms between children and adults. [4][5][6][8][9][10]14 Previous longitudinal studies of childhood ADHD and cross-sectional studies of adult ADHD have suggested high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders in children and adults with ADHD. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, the largest cross-sectional study in adults was dependent on self-report of ADHD case status.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mortality, ADHD, and Psychosocial Adversity in Adults With Childhood ADHD: A Prospective Study

2013

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been viewed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, adversely affecting behavior and school performance, with studies suggesting increased risk for poor adult outcomes. However, no prospective studies have examined long-term outcomes of childhood ADHD in an epidemiologic sample.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Our epidemiologic study indicates that adults with childhood ADHD are at increased risk for death from suicide. ADHD persists into adulthood in 29.3% of childhood ADHD cases, and 56.9% have $1 psychiatric disorder other than ADHD. abstract OBJECTIVE: We examined long-term outcomes of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a population-based sample of childhood ADHD cases and controls, prospectively assessed as adults. METHODS:Adults with childhood ADHD and non-ADHD controls from the same birth cohort (N = 5718) were invited to participate in a prospective outcome study. Vital status was determined for birth cohort members. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were constructed to compare overall and cause-specific mortality between childhood ADHD cases and controls. Incarceration status was determined for childhood ADHD cases. A standardized neuropsychiatric interview was administered.RESULTS: Vital status for 367 childhood ADHD cases was determined: 7 (1.9%) were deceased, and 10 (2.7%) were currently incarcerated. The SMR for overall survival of childhood ADHD cases versus controls was 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-4.26; P = .13) and for accidents only was 1.70 (95% CI, 0.49-5.97; P = .41). However, the cause-specific mortality for suicide only was significantly higher among ADHD cases (SMR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.14-20.46; P = .032). Among the childhood ADHD cases participating in the prospective assessment (N = 232; mean age, 27.0 years), ADHD persisted into adulthood for 29.3% (95% CI, 23.5-35.2). Participating childhood ADHD cases were more likely than controls (N = 335; mean age, 28.6 years) to have $1 other psychiatric disorder (56.9% vs 34.9%; odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8-3.8; P , .01). CONCLUSIONS:Childhood ADHD is a chronic health problem, with significant risk for mortality, persistence of ADHD, and long-term morbidity in adulthood. Dr Barbaresi conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted; Dr Colligan participated in the conceptualization, design, and conduct of the study, reviewed and revised the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted; Ms Weaver participated in the design of the study, carried out the initial analyses, revised and reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted; Dr Voigt participated in the design of the study, revised and reviewed the manuscript, and approved of the final manuscript as submitted; Ms Killian participated in the initial analyses, revised and reviewed the manuscript, and approved of the final manuscript as submitted; and Dr Katusic conceptualized and designed the stu...

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Developmental Twin Study of Attention Problems

Chang

Lichtenstein²,

Asherson³

et al. 2013

JAMA Psychiatry

155

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The genetic and environmental link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood and the adult manifestation of the disorder is poorly understood because of a lack of longitudinal studies with crossinformant data. Objective: To explore the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on symptoms of attention problems from childhood to early adulthood. Design: Analysis was conducted using longitudinal structural equation modeling with multiple informants. Setting: The Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. Participants: One thousand four hundred eighty twin pairs were prospectively followed up from childhood to young adulthood. Main Outcome Measures: Symptoms were obtained using parent and self-ratings of the Attention Problems Scale at ages 8 to 9, 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. Results: The best-fitting model revealed high heritability of attention problems as indexed by parent and selfratings from childhood to early adulthood (h 2 = 0.77-0.82). Genetic effects operating at age 8 to 9 years continued, explaining 41%, 34%, and 24% of the total variance at ages 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. Moreover, new sets of genetic risk factors emerged at ages 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. Conclusions: The shared view of self-and informantrated attention problems is highly heritable in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, suggesting that the previous reports of low heritability for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults are best explained by rater effects. Both genetic stability and genetic innovation were present throughout this developmental stage, suggesting that attention problems are a developmentally complex phenotype characterized by both continuity and change across the life span.

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How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD

Cited by 394 publications

References 32 publications

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Mortality, ADHD, and Psychosocial Adversity in Adults With Childhood ADHD: A Prospective Study

Developmental Twin Study of Attention Problems

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