How nutrition and the maternal microbiota shape the neonatal immune system

Macpherson, Andrew J.; Agüero, Mercedes Gomez de; Ganal‐Vonarburg, Stephanie C.

doi:10.1038/nri.2017.58

Cited by 276 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…It is well accepted that factors from fetal or placental origin as well as maternal factors are likely to have a potential role in the regulation of inflammation, lesion, and apoptosis . Existing evidence supports the concept that P. gingivalis induces inflammation and leads to apoptosis in trophoblasts .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Preterm low birth weight (LBW) in humans (birth weight <2500 g and <37 weeks of gestation) has been recognized as the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity due to poor adaptability and resistance . Fetal development has been shown to exert a far‐reaching and long‐lasting effect on the long‐term health of the offspring, and there are negative effects associated with the preterm birth (PTB) of neonates. Therefore, it is urgent that the numerous risk factors for PTB be identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodontal infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces preterm birth and lower birth weight in rats

Liang

Ren²,

Guo

et al. 2018

Molecular Oral Microbiology

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Preterm birth (PTB), accompanied by low birth weight (LBW) or not, is a syndrome with tremendous risk factors and long-term health consequences for children. In recent decades, overwhelming studies have shown that periodontitis contributes to prematurity and LBW. This study was conducted to determine the link between maternal periodontitis and the pathogenesis of PTB and/or LBW through a rat infection model induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontopathic bacterium. The murine model was established by surgically ligating the left mandibular first molars and inoculating with P. gingivalis, and then all female rats initiated mating 6 weeks post infection. The gestational day and birth weight were recorded, and blood, amniotic fluid, and placental specimens were collected. Rats with a PTB and LBW newborns were observed in the P. gingivalis-infected group. Additionally, P. gingivalis infection significantly increased the maternal serum levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β, whereas no significant difference in the cytokine response was observed in the amniotic fluid. Moreover, with the translocation of P. gingivalis to placentas, remarkable changes in gestational tissues were found, followed by significantly enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as Fas and Fas ligand (FasL). These results support the concept that severe cases of periodontitis caused by P. gingivalis infection may be indicative of rats being more susceptible to PTB/LBW, probably through the activation of the TLR2 and Fas/FasL pathways within the placental tissues. This study gave us new insight into how maternal periodontopathogens might be linked to placental damage and premature pathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces preterm birth and lower birth weight in rats

Liang

Ren²,

Guo

et al. 2018

Molecular Oral Microbiology

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“…Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that exposure of germ-free mother mice to microbes during pregnancy shaped immunologic development and functions in the neonate, which was mediated by maternal microbe-derived molecules that transferred to offspring during pregnancy and breastfeeding (8). In addition, maternal indigenous gut microbes can be transferred to the unborn fetus in utero through the placenta during pregnancy and to the newborn through maternal milk during lactation, affecting offspring immune programming (9,10). Hence, understanding the compositional and metabolic dynamics of the maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy and lactation may provide insights into how the gut microbiota influences maternal and offspring health.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microbial and metabolic alterations in gut microbiota of sows during pregnancy and lactation

Liu

Hou

et al. 2019

FASEB j.

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The gut microbiota plays a critical role in various physiologic processes; however, maternal microbial and metabolic changes during pregnancy and lactation remain elusive. Using pigs as an animal model, we conducted comparative analyses of gut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles across different stages of gestation, lactation, and the empty (nonpregnancy) phase in 2 distinct breeds of sow, Rongchang (RS) and Landrace (LS). Coriobacteriaceae were found to gradually increase over gestational time irrespective of breed, which was further validated in an independent cohort of sows, indicating that Coriobacteriaceae are likely associated with the progression of pregnancy. Escherichia increased as well. Relative to empty and gestation, lactation was associated with an increase in SCFA producers and a concomitant augmentation in SCFA production in both breeds. A comparison between the 2 breeds revealed that Ruminococcaceae were more abundant in RSs than in LSs, consistent with the strong ability of Rongchang pigs to digest highly fibrous feedstuffs. Taken together, we revealed characteristic structural and metabolic changes in maternal gut microbiota throughout pregnancy, lactation, and the empty phase, which could potentially help improve the pregnancy and lactation outcomes for both animals and humans.—Liu, H., Hou, C., Li, N., Zhang, X., Zhang, G., Yang, F., Zeng, X., Liu, Z., Qiao, S. Microbial and metabolic alterations in gut microbiota of sows during pregnancy and lactation. FASEB J. 33, 4490–4501 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

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“…Recent findings provide new mechanistic explanations for the wide ranging health protections of breastfeeding to both mother and infant. Human milk drives the development of a diverse gut microbiome and healthy gut epithelium, which underpin normal metabolic, immune, and neurological development 12. Recent work indicates that perturbations in gut immune “sensing” mechanisms after early cessation of breastfeeding may contribute to the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 13…”

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confidence: 99%