How Much Reduced Hemoglobin Is Necessary to Generate Central Cyanosis?

Martin, Lawrence; Khalil, Hany

doi:10.1378/chest.97.1.182

Cited by 58 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Central cyanosis, with blueness of skin, lips and mucous membranes is always a manifestation of hypoxemia. As a result of hypoxemia an excess amount of hemoglobin is not saturated with oxygen; in currently accepted terminology this unsaturated hemoglobin is said to be reduced [ 42 ]. It is the quantity of reduced hemoglobin per deciliter of capillary blood that accounts for the bluish color of cyanosis [ 43 ] (Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical inflammation: a pathophysiological rainbow

2009

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Tetrapyrrole molecules are distributed in virtually all living organisms on Earth. In mammals, tetrapyrrole end products are closely linked to oxygen metabolism. Since increasingly complex trophic functional systems for using oxygen are considered in the post-traumatic inflammatory response, it can be suggested that tetrapyrrole molecules and, particularly their derived pigments, play a key role in modulating inflammation.In this way, the diverse colorfulness that the inflammatory response triggers during its evolution would reflect the major pathophysiological importance of these pigments in each one of its phases. Therefore, the need of exploiting this color resource could be considered for both the diagnosis and treatment of the inflammation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical inflammation: a pathophysiological rainbow

2009

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“…It is, however, an unreliable sign, 29 and its occurrence is dependent on hemoglobin concentration. 30 In addition, the widespread treatment of unstable patients with oxygen probably reduces the likelihood of detecting it. It is emblematic of textbooks that the most frequently mentioned sign is also the least useful.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Content of Textbooks on the Evaluation of a Patient in Respiratory Distress Adequate?

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND:The ability to rapidly and precisely evaluate patients in respiratory distress is essential. Due to limited opportunities for formal instruction during training, textbooks are the main educational source to teach junior physicians how to interpret the signs of respiratory distress. The quality of the textbook content relevant to respiratory distress is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the content on the evaluation of a patient in respiratory distress in a representative sample of textbooks and Internet resources. METHODS: Two physicians individually reviewed the most recent edition of 21 standard textbooks from a variety of specialties. Smartphone applications, UptoDate, and MD Consult were examined. Each physician reviewed the source for 14 different signs. For each sign, the reviewers determined 3 parameters: a mention of the sign, its pathophysiology, and its detection. The reviews were compared for discrepancies, and a third reviewer resolved them. RESULTS: The normal respiratory rate was mentioned in 10 (48%) of textbooks, and ranged between 10 and 22 breaths/min. Each sign was mentioned by a mean of 45 ؎ 26% of the textbooks. The pathophysiology of the signs was described by a mean of 33 ؎ 30% of the textbooks. The most and least commonly mentioned inspection signs were cyanosis and retraction of suprasternal notch, respectively. They were mentioned in 20 (95%) and 4 (19%) textbooks, respectively. The most and least commonly mentioned palpation signs were thoracoabdominal asynchrony or paradox and tracheal tug, respectively. They were mentioned in 17 (81%) and 4 (19%) textbooks, and their pathophysiology was described in 15 (71%) and 4 (19%) textbooks, respectively. The reviewers also found inconsistency in the descriptions of the meaning of scalene muscle contraction and thoracoabdominal asynchrony and paradox. CONCLUSIONS: The content of the reviewed textbooks on the evaluation of respiratory distress is inconsistent and deficient.

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“…With higher hemoglobin concentration, we can recognize cyanosis easier. [10] Cyanosis can be peripheral or central. The central cyanosis involves all body and it is recognizable in the mucosa and conjunctiva and requires a thoroughly clinical assessment to identify its causes.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Changes During Transition From Fetal To Neonamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac emergencies in neonates and young infants

Kabbani

Taweel

2017

Avicenna J Med

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Cardiac emergencies in children are not infrequent. Early recognition and management are essential to save life and prevent any comorbidity. The presentation of cardiac emergencies and etiologies is variable depending on the age of child at the time of presentation and type of cardiac lesion. Cyanotic and noncyanotic congenital heart diseases are the main causes in neonates and infants. Acquired heart diseases and dysrhythmia are more common causes for cardiac emergencies in toddler and childhood. In this review, we discuss the most common causes for cardiac emergencies in neonates and young infants highlighting important points in the presentation and management that are essential for early recognition and timely management of infants presenting with these conditions.

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How Much Reduced Hemoglobin Is Necessary to Generate Central Cyanosis?

Cited by 58 publications

References 18 publications

Surgical inflammation: a pathophysiological rainbow

Surgical inflammation: a pathophysiological rainbow

Is the Content of Textbooks on the Evaluation of a Patient in Respiratory Distress Adequate?

Cardiac emergencies in neonates and young infants

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