How much does it help to know what she knows you know? An agent-based simulation study

The Minds of Many: Opponent Modeling in a Stochastic Game

“…Despite the Vygotskian intelligence hypothesis suggesting that higher-order ToM allows individuals to cooperate more effectively [Moll and Tomasello, 2007], higher-order ToM has an advantage over lower-order ToM, but becomes ineffective beyond the second order [De Weerd et al, 2013b;2013a] We are not the first to consider ideas of segmentation. Albrecht et al [2016] use agent types to generalise agents with similar behaviour.…”

“…This application of ToM shows its potential in the field of AI. Other approaches [Yoshida et al, 2008;Pereira et al, 2011] keep a model to learn beliefs about opponents' actions and a separate model to infer the complexity of opponent strategies, whereas De Weerd et al [2013b] integrate beliefs about opponent behaviour with inference about the sophistication of their strategies (see integration of different orders of ToM in Section 3). Furthermore, a game theoretic advantage of ToM is that it allows agents to infer the opponents degree of sophistication [Yoshida et al, 2008].…”

“…The model used in this paper is an extension of the De Weerd et al, [2013b] model, conceptualized for one player and one opponent. In principle this model can be used for any order of ToM, but for the sake of simplicity, we limit the description to the first two orders.…”

“…In contrast to De Weerd et al, [2013b], who model one adversary, our model allows multiple opponents to be considered at the same time. Thus, agents have to model other agents' views of them and their views of other agents.…”

Social Planning for Trusted Autonomy

“…[8,31,32], and also the impact of different levels of awareness that an agent has about the others acting in a team task context, e.g. [33]. Although the tools used in such investigations are highly expressive -typically description logics and rich multi-modal logics, and some bespoke algebraic belief update mechanisms -they are not accompanied by efficient reasoning engines, so fall short of providing practical means for systematically operationalising complex analyses.…”