How much aqueous sample can an inductively coupled plasma withstand?

Abstract

<p>An inductively coupled plasma can withstand the total introduction of 250 μL min⁻¹ if infrared heating first pre-evaporates the aerosol.</p>

A total consumption infrared heated sample introduction system for nanoparticle measurement using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…An infrared (IR) heated sample introduction system developed for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) based on a modified cyclonic spray chamber significantly improved sensitivity while achieving total consumption. 21,22 Preliminary results obtained, but not under total consumption conditions, showed that, when temperature increased from 20 °C to 80 °C, sensitivity for Au increased 30% and transport efficiency increased 55%. 23 The goal of the present work was to optimize an IR-heated sample introduction system to achieve total sample consumption in spICPMS.…”

“…1) consisted of a 50 mL modied baffled cyclonic spray chamber with shortened neck and "L" shape elbow connection (fabricated by JRV Scientic Glass, Montreal, QC, Canada). 21,22 Two different spray chambers were tested, denoted MC(50-2) and MC(50-6), with respectively a 2 mm and 6 mm gap between the top of the modied baffle and the top service of the chamber. A ceramic rod IR heater with integrated thermocouple (Elstein-Werk, Northeim, Germany) was inserted into the modied baffle to heat the spray chamber.…”

“…Indeed, upon switching to an IR-heated modied cyclonic spray chamber at 50 mL min À1 in ICPOES, the RSD generally improved compared to that achieved with a regular baffled cyclonic spray chamber at the same sample uptake rate and at room temperature. 21 Characterization of NPs A 2.3 Â 10 4 NPs mL À1 suspension of reference Au NPs was analyzed with each of the sample introduction systems at 50 mL min À1 . The obtained size distributions are shown in Fig.…”

An Infrared-Heated Sample Introduction System For Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

“…15 In ICPOES, with IR heating of a modified cyclonic spray chamber at 280°C, no drainage out of the spray chamber occurred at a sample uptake rate up to 250 µL min -1 and the plasma did not extinguish. 16 Increased sample introduction efficiency and improved figures of merit such as sensitivity, detection limit, precision, and robustness resulted with IR-heated sample introduction systems in ICPOES. [17][18][19][20] Pre-evaporation with infrared radiation even improves alternative sample introduction systems including ultrasonic nebulizers and multimode sample introduction systems.…”

“…Multivariate optimization was performed using the 5 µg L -1 multielement standard and corresponding blank. Experimental design and the resulting analysis were both performed in Minitab 17 using a face-centred central composite design to find the values for the sheath gas flow rate, nebulizer gas flow rate, sample uptake rate, and heating temperature that provided a compromise in terms of sensitivity for Be, In, and Pb, plasma robustness (as indicated by 9 Be + / 7 Li + ), 25 138 Ba 2+ / 138 Ba + and 140 Ce 16 O + / 140 Ce + ratios. The 9 Be + / 7 Li + ratio was reported to be comparable to the Mg II/Mg I ratio in ICPOES based on its behaviour to changes in plasma conditions.…”