How Many Cravings? Pharmacological Aspects of Craving Treatment in Alcohol Addiction: A Review

Addolorato, Giovanni; Abenavoli, Ludovico; Leggio, Lorenzo; Gasbarrini, Giovanni

doi:10.1159/000084161

Cited by 121 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…For this hypothesis to be tested, an evaluation instrument will need to be developed (Redish et al, 2008). Another matching example is provided by Addolorato et al Based on the three types of craving proposed by Verheul et al (1999), Addolorato et al (2005) proposed naltrexone and GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) for reward craving; acamprosate, GHB, and baclofen for relief craving; and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), baclofen, topiramate, and odansetron for obsessive craving. Research by Ooteman et al revealed different mechanisms of action for anticraving medications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models

Skinner

Aubin

2010

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

282

191

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models

Skinner

Aubin

2010

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

282

191

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“…Subjects were strongly advised against using drugs that could potentially influence craving for alcohol. 31,32 Blood alcohol tests and urinalysis were performed 12 times (twice per week, for 6 weeks) for those patients concluding the study procedures.…”

Section: Procedures and Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Dose Topiramate in Alcohol Dependence

Martinotti¹,

Nicola²,

Vita³

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…As the issue of the clinically heterogeneous nature of the addiction was attempted to be solved during the last fifty years, various sub-classifications of patients were suggested. Such a division into subtypes has the purpose to assist in determination of targeted therapy when predicting the disease prognosis 35,44,45 . Clinical studies confirmed that classifying patients into more homogeneous groups would enable setting not only the most effective psychopharmacotherapy but appropriate psychotherapy treatment as well 46 .…”

Section: Subtypes Of Alcoholismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological Bases of Alcohol Addiction

Matošić¹,

Marušić²,

Vidrih³

et al. 2016

ACC

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SUMMARY -Alcohol addiction is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder according to both phenotype and etiology. Difference in phenotype characteristics manifests in the manner the addiction arises, history of the alcoholic and history of drinking, comorbid disorders, and the phenomenon of abstinence difficulties. Concerning the etiology of alcoholism, the disease itself is considered to be a consequence of an interactive influence of the environment and genetic factors. Numerous researches conducted in the last decades discovered many aspects of the biochemical, cell and molecular bases of alcohol addiction, leading to a conclusion that alcoholism is, like many other addictions, a brain disease. By recognizing alcoholism as a disease which basically implies changes of the neurobiological mechanisms, as well as a clear genetic basis, it was supposed that the disease, having its basis solely in the symptomatology, is essentially heterogeneous. By trying to solve the problem of a clinically heterogeneous nature of the disease during the last fifty years, various sub-classifications of such patients have been suggested. According to Cloninger, subtypes of alcoholism differ also according to changes in the brain neurotransmission systems, i.e. it is supposed that patients suffering from alcoholism type 1 have a more pronounced dopaminergic transmission deficit, while dopaminergic transmission is not disturbed significantly in patients diagnosed with alcoholism type 2, who, however, have a significant lack of serotonergic transmission. In such a way, Cloninger actually presented the basis of the so-called neurobiological alcoholism model. Since he has connected differences in neurotransmission with differences in personality characteristics, this model is also known as the psychobiological model of alcoholism. The characteristic of alcoholism type 1 is avoiding damage (Harm Avoidance, HA) decreased dopamine transmission and increased serotonin transmission, while the significant characteristic of alcoholism type 2 is seeking for excitement (Novelty Seeking, NS), unchanged dopamine transmission and decreased serotonin transmission. These neurochemical differences among alcoholism subtypes represent the basis for a different therapy approach. Intake of alcohol changes different gene expression in the human brain. The inheritance model of alcoholism is not fully explained, however, it is considered that the disease is connected to a larger gene number included in neurotransmission, cell mechanisms and general metabolic function, with a simultaneous influence of the environment. The contribution of genetic factors is stronger in certain types of alcoholism and thus we have been confronted in the last years of alcoholism research with studies researching the connections of some alcoholism subtypes with the polymorphism phenomenon in the genes coding the synaptic proteins included in the alcoholism etiology. The primary role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain is catalysis of deamination of the oxidative neurotransmitter a...

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How Many Cravings? Pharmacological Aspects of Craving Treatment in Alcohol Addiction: A Review

Cited by 121 publications

References 135 publications

Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models

Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models

Low-Dose Topiramate in Alcohol Dependence

Neurobiological Bases of Alcohol Addiction

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