How Many Caliciviruses are there in Rabbits? A Review on RHDV and Correlated Viruses

Llombart‐Bosch, Antonio; Capucci, Lorenzo

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9_18

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This suggests that the widely spread RHDVa variant was predominant in Russia after 2003. Other reports describe similar findings in Italy [8], the United States [31], and Korea [32]. We hypothesize that extensive vaccination using a ''classical'' RHDV strain and simultaneous introduction of RHDVa strains from China and Europe may have been potential drivers for emergence of RHDVa in Russia.…”

supporting

confidence: 63%

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Comparative analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation

et al. 2016

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Since the first introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) in 1986, disease outbreaks have been continuously reported in different regions of Russia. Despite extensive vaccination, sporadic RHD cases are still reported. Here, we examine eleven RHDV strains originating from disease outbreaks occurring between 2003 and 2012 and one widely used vaccine strain. Notable phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity among RHDV strains was observed. The RHDV strains Tambov-2010, Perm-2010, Manihino-09 showed different hemagglutinating activity (HA) at 4 °C and room temperature. While all RHDV field strains were identified as hemagglutinating virulent viruses of the RHDVa variant, the vaccine strain was assigned as a "classical" RHDV. These data indicate that since 2003, RHDVa has become the predominant variant circulating in Russia.

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supporting

confidence: 63%

“…virus (RHDV), a member of the family Caliciviridae that is antigenically related to European brown hare syndrome virus and nonpathogenic caliciviruses of rabbits [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In 1998 and 1999, the first reports describing a new RHDV variant (RHDVa) in Italy and Germany were published [11,12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation

et al. 2016

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“…The relatively low sequence similarity between 06-11 and pathogenic RHDV strains in the P2 subdomain might explain the differences in tropism and lethality. In addition, following the characterisation of RCV, Lavazza and Capucci (2008b) suggested that the region C of the capsid for RHDV could influence the degree of pathogenicity of the caliciviruses. The description for the first time of a strain that was demonstrated to be non-pathogenic but also to have significant sequence variation within the region C could reinforce the hypothesis that this region takes part in viral pathogenicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of a non-pathogenic and non-protective infectious rabbit lagovirus related to RHDV

et al. 2011

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The existence of non-pathogenic RHDV strains was established when a non-lethal virus named rabbit calicivirus (RCV) was characterised in 1996 in Italy. Since then, different RNA sequences related to RHDV have been detected in apparently healthy domestic and wild rabbits, and recently a new lagovirus was identified in Australia. We have characterised from seropositive healthy domestic rabbits a non-lethal lagovirus that differs from RHDV in terms of pathogenicity, tissue tropism and capsid protein sequence. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that it is close to the Ashington strain and to the RCV, but distinct. We proved experimentally that it is infectious but non-pathogenic and demonstrated that, contrary to the other described non-pathogenic lagoviruses, it induces antibodies that do not protect against RHDV. Our results indicate the existence of a gradient of cross-protection between circulating strains, from non-protective, partially protective to protective strains, and highlight the extent of diversity within the genus Lagovirus.

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“…Our finding that RHDV can persist at low levels across the year is independently supported by relatively short‐lived immunoglobulin M (IgM), being detected (at titres ≥40) in low numbers of rabbits throughout the year (Supporting Information Figure S10). As IgM is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to RHDV (Lavazza & Capucci, ), it confirms a likely annual persistence of RHDV at low levels in the rabbit population at Turretfield. Previously, it was observed that RHDV epidemics were generally initiated by variants of the virus, which were unlikely to have persisted and evolved in the local environment (Schwensow et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Disentangling synergistic disease dynamics: Implications for the viral biocontrol of rabbits

Wells

Fordham

Brook

et al. 2018

Journal of Animal Ecology

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European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been exposed to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and myxoma virus (MYXV) in their native and invasive ranges for decades. Yet, the long-term effects of these viruses on rabbit population dynamics remain poorly understood. In this context, we analysed 17 years of detailed capture-mark-recapture data (2000-2016) from Turretfield, South Australia, using a probabilistic state-space hierarchical modelling framework to estimate rabbit survival and epidemiological dynamics. While RHDV infection and disease-induced death were most prominent during annual epidemics in winter and spring, we found evidence for continuous infection of susceptible individuals with RHDV throughout the year. RHDV-susceptible rabbits had, on average, 25% lower monthly survival rates compared to immune individuals, while the average monthly force of infection in winter and spring was ~38%. These combined to result in an average infection-induced mortality rate of 69% in winter and spring. Individuals susceptible to MYXV and immune to RHDV had similar survival probabilities to those having survived infections from both viruses, whereas individuals susceptible to both RHDV and MYXV had higher survival probabilities than those susceptible to RHDV and immune to MYXV. This suggests that MYXV may reduce the future survival rates of individuals that endure initial MYXV infection. There was no evidence for long-term changes in disease-induced mortality and infection rates for either RHDV or MYXV. We conclude that continuous, year-round virus perpetuation (and perhaps heterogeneity in modes of transmission and infectious doses during and after epidemics) acts to reduce the efficiency of RHDV and MYXV as biocontrol agents of rabbits in their invasive range. However, if virulence can be maintained as relatively constant through time, RHDV and MYXV will likely continue realizing strong benefits as biocontrol agents.

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How Many Caliciviruses are there in Rabbits? A Review on RHDV and Correlated Viruses

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Comparative analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation

Comparative analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strains originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation

Characterisation of a non-pathogenic and non-protective infectious rabbit lagovirus related to RHDV

Disentangling synergistic disease dynamics: Implications for the viral biocontrol of rabbits

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