How Maize Seed Systems Can Contribute to the Control of Mycotoxigenic Fungal Infection: A Perspective

Biemond, P.C.; Stomph, T.J.; Kumar, Lava; Struik, P.C.

doi:10.3390/agronomy11112168

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Poor grain storage conditions may support fungal flora growth in the plant material. The most common pathogens of maize grains are fungi of the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, which may pose a health threat when consumed by humans and animals [3]. The presence of pathogens in food products has prompted many countries to establish maximum allowable levels of mycotoxins in food in order to prevent their adverse effects on the health of consumers [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Consolidation Level on Organic Volatile Compound Emissions from Maize during Storage

et al. 2023

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The aim of this study was to determine the emission of organic volatile compounds from maize grain as a function of granularity and packing density of bulk material in conditions imitating processes occurring in silos. The study was carried out with the use of a gas chromatograph and an electronic nose, which was designed and constructed at the Institute of Agrophysics of PAS and has a matrix of eight MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) sensors. A 20-L volume of maize grain was consolidated in the INSTRON testing machine with pressures of 40 and 80 kPa. The control samples were not compacted, and the maize bed had bulk density. The analyses were carried out at a moisture content of 14% and 17% (w.b.—wet basis). The measurement system facilitated quantitative and qualitative analyses of volatile organic compounds and the intensity of their emission during 30-day storage. The study determined the profile of volatile compounds as a function of storage time and the grain bed consolidation level. The research results indicated the degree of grain degradation induced by the storage time. The highest emission of volatile compounds was recorded on the first four days, which indicated a dynamic nature of maize quality degradation. This was confirmed by the measurements performed with electrochemical sensors. In turn, the intensity of the volatile compound emission decreased in the next stage of the experiments, which showed a decline in the quality degradation dynamics. The sensor responses to the emission intensity decreased significantly at this stage. The electronic nose data on the emission of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) as well as grain moisture and bulk volume can be helpful for the determination of the quality of stored material and its suitability for consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Consolidation Level on Organic Volatile Compound Emissions from Maize during Storage

et al. 2023

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“…The contamination of stored maize grains by mycotoxigenic fungi is a serious concern where various reports are revealing the existence of these pathogenic fungi in many countries, such as China (Qin et al 2020 ), Finland (Hietaniemi et al 2016 ), Italy (Giorni et al 2019 ), north-east Russia (Grünig et al 2020 ), South Africa (Biemond et al 2021 ), Spain (Luz et al 2021 ), and United States (Lane et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a real-time PCR and multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains

2023

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This study aimed to identify important mycotoxigenic fungi and accurate detection of mycotoxin in stored maize grains using molecular methods. The current study also optimised the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The melting curve was established to identify isolated fungal species of Aspergillus (4), Fusarium (3), Penicillium (3), and Alternaria (one). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique was developed for the detection and characterisation of mycotoxin producing fungi, mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes, and the determination of eleven mycotoxins in stored maize grains using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mPCR results indicated positive signals for potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species tested of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium , and Alternaria . A protocol for multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was tested to distinguish between free and contaminated, stored maize with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The expression pattern of four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes, AFB1 ( aflQ, aflP, aflO , and aflD ), was a good marker for contaminated, stored maize grains. HPLC analysis showed that maize grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and the concentration was above the detection level. The results indicate that the polyphasic approach might provide a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for detecting and identifying mycotoxigenic fungal species and mycotoxins in stored maize grains.

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“…Mycotoxin contamination can begin at the first stage of crop cultivation, the sowing stage, which can contribute to a seed-to-seedling contamination process due to contaminated seeds subsequently resulting in infected plants and production [35]. As a standard, maize seeds are treated with a fungicide and, frequently, with an insecticide, or with both.…”

Section: Application To Real Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins and Maize Value Chain: Multi-Matrix and Multi-Analyte Tools towards Global Feed and Food Safety

Leite,

Freitas,

Barbosa

et al. 2023

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Maize value chains represent invaluable end-consumer products in food systems worldwide. Mycotoxin contamination along these chains causes severe economic and health impacts from the plant, animal and human safety points of view. This work aimed to develop a single standardized methodology that fulfilled extraction and detection procedures for 22 mycotoxins in maize chain matrices. The main goal concerned the validation of a QuEChERS-based ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to the tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method in compliance with established performance criteria for mycotoxin determination. Validation parameters encompassing specificity/selectivity, linearity, precision, recovery, Limits of Detection (LOD) and Limits of Quantification (LOQ) were evaluated, and acceptable data were found for all the mycotoxins in the matrices under study, namely, seeds, flowering plants, silage and feed. The applied method presented LODs and LOQs lower than 40.3 and 42.1 ng g−1, respectively, and recoveries ranging from 80.7 to 118.1%, with precision values below 20.5%. A first-time full analytical procedure in a multi-matrix and multi-analyte approach was successfully validated, representing a valuable control tool for mycotoxin monitoring in maize chains. This approach will ultimately allow a response to the need for integrated risk assessments encompassing full, comprehensive analysis of whole food chains in compliance with the maximum levels established in European regulations, and the establishment of accurate solutions in each chain-specific critical point, helping to provide more sustainable, safer and healthy food systems.

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How Maize Seed Systems Can Contribute to the Control of Mycotoxigenic Fungal Infection: A Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 70 publications

Effect of the Consolidation Level on Organic Volatile Compound Emissions from Maize during Storage

Effect of the Consolidation Level on Organic Volatile Compound Emissions from Maize during Storage

Development of a real-time PCR and multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains

Mycotoxins and Maize Value Chain: Multi-Matrix and Multi-Analyte Tools towards Global Feed and Food Safety

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