How income and education contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the elderly in a former Communist country

Awareness of Cardiovascular Prevention Methods among Residents of Post-Communist Polish Provinces with Highest Mortality Rates

“…These findings may point out future priorities for effective interventional projects and their outcome measures. The disparity in knowledge of CVD prevention that we observed across age and education groups are in line with other studies that have indicated substantially lower level of CVD awareness among individuals over 65 years old and having elementary education (13,14,15). Even after adjusting for other variables lower educated subjects had almost 3-fold higher likelihood of poor knowledge as compared to persons with at least secondary education.…”

How does the risk of cardiovascular death and cardiovascular risk factor profiles differ between socioeconomic classes in Poland: A country in transition

“…Stelmach et al [20] showed that lower economic status did not affect CVD risk factors, similarly as in the Bobak and Marmot study [21]. Results of the Moli-sani study presented that healthy behaviors are strongly linked to material resources, even in a highincome country.…”

“…In former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, there was an observed weak association between income and education, suggesting that education attainment effects are less likely to be mediated by underlying differences in financial resources [20]. Kozakiewicz et al [11] demonstrated in the WOBASZ I study, performed 10 (years) prior to the present study, that SES was defined as a combination of education and income categories and was an independent predictor of high CVD risk, but only in young men and women aged 30-39 years.…”

Long term effects of different physical activity levels on cardiovascular risk: results of a prospective 17-year follow-up study of middle-aged men

“…According to Byberg et al (2001) significant reduction of CVD risk can be achieved by performing regular and athletic exercises [10]. The recent observation of 6878 Korean men aged 30-79 years demonstrated an evident dose-dependent relationship between LTPA and prevalence of metabolic abnormalities [31].…”

“…(2001) zna czą ce zmniej sze nie ry zy ka wy stą pie nia CHUK mo żna osią gnąć po przez re gu lar ne wy ko ny wa nie ćwi czeń o du żej in ten syw ności [10]. Ob ser wa cje po czy nio ne w gru pie 6878 ko reań skich mę żczyzn w wie ku 30-79 lat po ka za ła ewident ny za le żny od daw ki zwią zek po mię dzy AF w czasie wol nym a roz po wszech nie niem za bu rzeń me tabolicz nych [31].…”