How does the risk of cardiovascular death and cardiovascular risk factor profiles differ between socioeconomic classes in Poland: A country in transition

Nadrowski, Paweł; Podolecka, Ewa; Pająk, Andrzej; Doryńska, Agnieszka; Drygas, Wojciech; Bielecki, Wojciech; Kwaśniewska, Magdalena; Tykarski, Andrzej; Niklas, Arkadiusz; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Skrzypek, Michał; Wojakowski, Wojciech; Kozakiewicz, Krystyna

doi:10.5603/cj.a2018.0003

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Nevertheless, our results suggest that it is unlikely that the social gradient in CVD mortality observed in the Polish population can be explained by differences in access to health care and consequential differences in risk factors control. In the entire sample the prevalence of the main CVD risk factors (hypertension, current smoking, obesity, and dyslipidaemia) was higher in participants with low SES [6]. It seemed that the CVD risk factors could be more effectively controlled by people with higher SES due to higher health competences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Estimates of the Polish Government Population Council (Rządowa Rada Ludnościowa) not only show that groups with low education have higher CVD mortality rates, but also that the differences in mortality are increasing over time [4]. Two recent publications by Podolecka et al [5] and Nadrowski et al [6] confirmed strong negative relationships between SES and the prevalence of CVD risk factors as well as between SES and CVD risk measured as SCORE index in the Polish population. Higher education level was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, smoking, overweight, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic and sex differences in health care utilisation, counselling on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and CVD risk factors control in the Polish population. The WOBASZ II Study

Kozela¹,

Polak²,

Doryńska³

et al. 2018

Kardiol Pol

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Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the causes of inequality in health care utilisation. There is no information whether differences in SES influence the frequency of counselling on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors or risk factors control. Aim: We sought to assess the relationship between SES and the frequency of medical consultations, hospitalisations, counselling on CVD risk factors, and successful CVD risk factors control. Methods: WOBASZ II was a cross-sectional study targeting a representative sample of the Polish population. Trained nurses interviewed participants using a standard questionnaire, collecting information on education, income, self-rated health, and health care utilisation. Blood samples were collected according to standardised methods. Results: A total of 2303 men and 2848 women were included in the analysis. Compared to those with low SES, men with medium or high SES were 68% and 46% more likely to use medical consultations, respectively. Women with medium and high SES used medical consultations 60% more often than those with low SES. Men with medium and high SES had blood pressure measured more often (by 31% and 43%, respectively), and more frequently received nutritional (by 45% and 59%, respectively) and physical activity counselling (by 92% and 122%, respectively). No differences in CVD risk factors control were found. Conclusions: High SES was associated with more frequent medical visits in both sexes. The associations of SES with counselling on CVD risk factors substantially differed between the sexes in favour of men with high SES. However, more complex consultations in high SES men were not followed by better CVD risk factors control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic and sex differences in health care utilisation, counselling on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and CVD risk factors control in the Polish population. The WOBASZ II Study

Kozela¹,

Polak²,

Doryńska³

et al. 2018

Kardiol Pol

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“…To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study that focuses on the impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors, such as air pollution, on HF. Many previous studies reported a correlation between socioeconomic status and CVD risks [11,12]. Variation in the burden of HF is also likely caused by other-than-traditional factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of heart failure

et al. 2023

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Background: Over 1.5 million people in Poland suffer from heart failure (HF). The risk of hospitalization is related to environmental and socioeconomic factors and the organization of the healthcare system. Aims:The study aimed to assess the influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of hospitalization for HF. Methods: The impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HF hospitalizations in Poland in 2012-2019 based on data from the National Institute of Public Health and Central Statistical Office in Poland was estimated by panel data regression techniques.Results: There were 1 618 734 HF-related hospitalizations (51.3% male; 82.6% aged >65 years). An increase in the number of physicians by 10/10 000 population and healthcare expenditure of 100 PLN per capita resulted in 3.5% (-0.035; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.06 to -0.01; P = 0.002) and 3% (-0.029; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.013; P <0.001) decrease in hospitalizations, respectively. For each new outpatient healthcare facility per 10 000 population, there was a 3% (-0.031; 95% CI, -0.048 to -0.014; P <0.001) decrease in hospitalizations. One percentage point increase in the proportion of green areas resulted in a 2.7% (-0.027; 95% CI, -0.042 to -0.01; P = 0.049) decrease in hospitalizations. However, an increase in cars by 1000 inhabitants and a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate were associated with a 6% increase in HF hospitalizations (0.064; 95% CI, 0.008-0.121; P = 0.026). Conclusions:The number of HF-related hospitalizations has been increasing in the last decade. This trend is most noticeable in regions with low socioeconomic development and poor medical facilities. Our study indicates that health policy measures including environmental and socioeconomic instruments may result in positive health outcomes. Additional analyses are needed to compare the impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors against the impact of healthcare alone.

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“…Those with low SES have been found to have higher prevalence of CVD risk factors than those in higher SES groups in high-income countries, regardless of the particular indicators of SES used in the studies. 10 11 In contrast, both positive and negative associations between individual SES and prevalence of CVD risk factors have been uncovered in some low/middle-income countries. 12 13 However, there has been limited evidence on how clustering of CVD risk factors differs by individual SES.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in prevalence and clustering of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study

Cai

Liu

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the changing prevalence of clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China.DesignData were collected from two waves of cross-sectional health interviews and examinations among individuals aged ≥35 years in rural China. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels were recorded for each participant.SettingThis study was conducted in rural Yunnan Province of China.Participants8187 individuals in 2011 and 7572 in 2021 consented to participate in this study.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2021, prevalence increased of hypertension (26.1% vs 41.6%), diabetes mellitus (5.9% vs 9.8%), obesity (5.9% vs 12.0%) and central obesity (50.0% vs 58.3%) (p<0.01), while prevalence decreased of current smoking (35.2% vs 29.6%), secondhand smoke exposure (42.6% vs 27.4%) and current drinking (26.6% vs 29.6%) (p<0.01). This decade also saw an increase in the prevalence of participants with clustering of ≥2 (61.8% vs 63.0%) and ≥3 CVD risk factors (28.4% vs 32.2%) (p<0.05). These increasing rates were also observed among subgroups categorised by sex, ethnicity, education level, income level and those ≥45 years of age (p<0.05). In both 2011 and 2021, male participants and participants with a lower education level had higher prevalence of clustering of ≥2 and ≥3 CVD risk factors than their counterparts (p<0.01). Ethnic minority participants and participants with higher annual income had higher prevalence of clustering of CVD risk factors in 2011 but presented opposite associations in 2021 (p<0.01).ConclusionThe prevalence of clustering of CVD risk factors increased substantially across all socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China from 2011 to 2021. Future efforts to implement comprehensive lifestyle interventions to promote the prevention and control of CVD should in particular focus on men, those of Han ethnicity and those with low socioeconomic status.

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How does the risk of cardiovascular death and cardiovascular risk factor profiles differ between socioeconomic classes in Poland: A country in transition

Abstract: Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important factor of cardiovascular diseases

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Socioeconomic and sex differences in health care utilisation, counselling on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and CVD risk factors control in the Polish population. The WOBASZ II Study

Socioeconomic and sex differences in health care utilisation, counselling on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and CVD risk factors control in the Polish population. The WOBASZ II Study

Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of heart failure

Trends in prevalence and clustering of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study

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