“How High Do They Look?”: Identification and Treatment of Common Ingestions in Adolescents

Woo, Teri Moser; Hanley, James R.

doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.12.002

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, DM inhibits the NMDA receptor51. Collins and his colleagues found MDMA-induced loss of parvalbumin interneurons is mediated by NMDA and 5HT2A receptors52.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [123I]-ADAM/SPECT

Hsing

Liu

Weng

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common recreational drug, is known to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a widely used antitussive reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of MDMA on the primate serotonergic system and the protective property of DM against MDMA-induced serotonergic abnormality using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) were divided into three groups, namely control, MDMA and co-treatment (MDMA/DM). [123I]-ADAM was used as the radioligand for serotonin transporters (SERT) in SPECT scans. SERT levels of the brain were evaluated and presented as the uptake ratios (URs) of [123I]-ADAM in several regions of interest of the brain including midbrain, thalamus and striatum. We found that the URs of [123I]-ADAM were significantly lower in the brains of MDMA than control group, indicating lower brain SERT levels in the MDMA-treated monkeys. This MDMA-induced decrease in brain SERT levels could persist for over four years. However, the loss of brain SERT levels was not observed in co-treatment group. These results suggest that DM may exert a protective effect against MDMA-induced serotonergic toxicity in the brains of the non-human primate.

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“…Moreover, DM inhibits the NMDA receptor51. Collins and his colleagues found MDMA-induced loss of parvalbumin interneurons is mediated by NMDA and 5HT2A receptors52.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [123I]-ADAM/SPECT

Hsing

Liu

Weng

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…It inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin at therapeutic doses. [54] The GC-MS analysis identified DXM [55] in four of the five products (i.e., P44 -47). When using the standard 785 nm laser, correlations to DXM were found in three of the five samples (P45 -47) with % HQIs ranging from 57 ± 1 to 84.1 ± 0.2 %.…”

Section: Othermentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) using handheld Raman spectroscopy employing both 785 and 1064 nm laser sources

Guirguis

Girotto

Berti

et al. 2017

Forensic Science International

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The chemical identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in the field is challenging due not only to the plethora of substances available, but also as a result of the chemical complexity of products and the chemical similarity of NPS analogues. In this study, handheld Raman spectroscopy and the use of two excitation wavelengths, 785 and 1064 nm, were evaluated for the identification of 60 NPS products. The products contained a range of NPS from classes including the aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, benzodiazepines, and piperidines & pyrrolidines. Identification was initially assessed using the instruments' in built algorithm (i.e., % HQI) and then further by visual inspection of the Raman spectra. Confirmatory analysis was preformed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For the 60 diverse products, an NPS was successfully identified via the algorithm in 11 products (18 %) using the 785 nm source and 29 products (48 %) using the 1064 nm source. Evaluation of the Raman spectra showed that increasing the excitation wavelength from 785 to 1064 nm improved this 'first pass' identification primarily due to a significant reduction in fluorescence, which increased S/N of the characteristic peaks of the substance identified. True positive correlations between internet products and NPS signatures ranged from 57.0 to 91.3 % HQI with typical RSDs < 10 %. Tablet formulations and branded products were particularly challenging as a result of low NPS concentration and high chemical complexity, respectively. This study demonstrates the advantage of using a 1064 nm source with handheld Raman spectroscopy for improved 'first pass' NPS identification when minimal spectral processing is required, such as when working in field. Future investigations will focus on the use of mixture algorithms, effect of NPS concentration, and further improvement of spectral libraries.

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“…20 It is commonly abused by teenagers partly because of its low price and easy accessibility in various OTC products and over the Internet 21,22 under various street names, such as poor man's PCP, DXM, or Skittles. 23 Emerging in popularity in the early 2000s, 24 a15-fold increase in dextromethorphan abuse-related calls in children aged 9 to 17 years was noted from 1999 to 2004. 25 A 2010 survey reported that 5.9% of high school seniors previously abused dextromethorphan, 26 and a 2012 survey indicated that 4.4% of American high school students abused cough or cold medications in the previous year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23][24][25]27 Presenting symptoms often vary, attributed to the other ingredients in premixed combinations, such as codeine, antihistamines, or analgesics. Although not frequently included in basic drug screen panels, urine testing for dextromethorphan using enzymatic bioassays may produce a false-positive result for PCP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug Misuse in Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department

Finkelstein¹,

Goel²,

Hutson³

et al. 2017

Pediatr Emer Care

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Adolescents presenting with drug misuse may be exposed to a wide range and combinations of therapeutics or illicit substances and frequently display central nervous system abnormalities, compromising the ability to obtain a reliable history. Frontline clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion, as routine toxicology screenings fail to detect most contemporary misused legal and designer drugs.

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“How High Do They Look?”: Identification and Treatment of Common Ingestions in Adolescents

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [123I]-ADAM/SPECT

Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [123I]-ADAM/SPECT

Identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) using handheld Raman spectroscopy employing both 785 and 1064 nm laser sources

Drug Misuse in Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department

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