How Green Is the Grass on the Other Side? Frontopolar Cortex and the Evidence in Favor of Alternative Courses of Action

Boorman, Erie D.; Behrens, Timothy E.J.; Woolrich, Mark W.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.014

Cited by 613 publications

(742 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Thus, Burgess et al (2000Burgess et al ( , 2001 argued that the FPC is critical for the setting up and realization of intentions. Boorman et al (2009) recently strengthened this idea by showing that this region is important in representing a pending or alternative potential course of action to determine when to switch to that behavior. On this account, the parietal lobes would then be responsible for implementing the switches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mechanisms of Rule Acquisition and Rule Following in Inductive Reasoning

Crescentini¹,

Seyed-Allaei²,

Pisapia³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mechanisms of Rule Acquisition and Rule Following in Inductive Reasoning

Crescentini¹,

Seyed-Allaei²,

Pisapia³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…Olanzapine modulates default mode network in schizophrenia F Sambataro et al This brain region has an important role in decision making as well as in emotion and motivation associated with a cognitive task. Neurons in vmPFC encode the relative current value and the outcome of chosen options during decisions by comparing available options (Boorman et al, 2009;Luk and Wallis, 2009). In addition, vmPFC regulates both the emotional context and motivational milieu during a cognitive task (Groenewegen and Uylings, 2000) so that this region inhibits emotional processing that may interfere with cognitive performance in a 'dynamic interplay' with the regions of DMN anticorrelated network and specifically DLPFC (Longe et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment with Olanzapine is Associated with Modulation of the Default Mode Network in Patients with Schizophrenia

Sambataro

Blasi

Fazio

et al. 2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

181

129

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Earlier studies have shown widespread alterations of functional connectivity of various brain networks in schizophrenia, including the default mode network (DMN). The DMN has also an important role in the performance of cognitive tasks. Furthermore, treatment with second-generation antipsychotic drugs may ameliorate to some degree working memory (WM) deficits and related brain activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with olanzapine monotherapy on functional connectivity among brain regions of the DMN during WM. Seventeen patients underwent an 8-week prospective study and completed two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans at 4 and 8 weeks of treatment during the performance of the N-back WM task. To control for potential repetition effects, 19 healthy controls also underwent two fMRI scans at a similar time interval. We used spatial group-independent component analysis (ICA) to analyze fMRI data. Relative to controls, patients with schizophrenia had reduced connectivity strength within the DMN in posterior cingulate, whereas it was greater in precuneus and inferior parietal lobule. Treatment with olanzapine was associated with increases in DMN connectivity with ventromedial prefrontal cortex, but not in posterior regions of DMN. These results suggest that treatment with olanzapine is associated with the modulation of DMN connectivity in schizophrenia. In addition, our findings suggest critical functional differences in the regions of DMN.

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“…Whereas the striatal reinforcement learning mechanisms have been specified by the neural models of basal ganglia, the prefrontal effects are interpreted in the context of other models and empirical data. Imaging studies reveal anterior prefrontal cortical activations when participants make exploratory choices in reinforcement tasks (Daw et al, 2006), which are sensitive to the value of alternative outcomes (Boorman et al, 2009). Again, we interpret the COMT effects in terms of the role of DA in computational models suggesting that dopamine enhances the signal-tonoise ratio and stabilizes prefrontal attractor states (Durstewitz et al, 2000;Seamans and Yang, 2004;Durstewitz and Seamans, 2008), and that the same functions may apply to working memory for reinforcement outcomes (Frank and Claus, 2006).…”

Section: Prefrontal Genetic Contributions: Comt and Drd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenetics and Pharmacology of Learning, Motivation, and Cognition

Frank

Fossella

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

171

167

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Many of the individual differences in cognition, motivation, and learningFand the disruption of these processes in neurological conditionsFare influenced by genetic factors. We provide an integrative synthesis across human and animal studies, focusing on a recent spate of evidence implicating a role for genes controlling dopaminergic function in frontostriatal circuitry, including COMT, DARPP-32, DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4. These genetic effects are interpreted within theoretical frameworks developed in the context of the broader cognitive and computational neuroscience literature, constrained by data from pharmacological, neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and patient studies. In this framework, genes modulate the efficacy of particular neural computations, and effects of genetic variation are revealed by assays designed to be maximally sensitive to these computations. We discuss the merits and caveats of this approach and outline a number of novel candidate genes of interest for future study.

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How Green Is the Grass on the Other Side? Frontopolar Cortex and the Evidence in Favor of Alternative Courses of Action

Cited by 613 publications

References 70 publications

Mechanisms of Rule Acquisition and Rule Following in Inductive Reasoning

Mechanisms of Rule Acquisition and Rule Following in Inductive Reasoning

Treatment with Olanzapine is Associated with Modulation of the Default Mode Network in Patients with Schizophrenia

Neurogenetics and Pharmacology of Learning, Motivation, and Cognition

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