How expensive are electric vehicles? A total cost of ownership analysis.

Lebeau, Kenneth; Lebeau, Philippe; Macharis, Cathy; Mierlo, Joeri Van

doi:10.3390/wevj6040996

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Analysis of two comparable vehicles, an EV and a gasoline ICE, in typical driving conditions in Trinidad and Tobago, has shown that the EV is beneficial in most metrics. A MATLAB/Simulink 1 A higher rate of depreciation is assumed for the EV given its higher purchase price and the rapid evolution of EV technology, which is assumed to have a negative effect 2 Calculated based on a pump price of $4.97/litre and the energy content of 1 litre of gasoline being 8.9 kWh 3 Maintenance cost estimations were derived from Lebeau et al (2013) [20] simulation model of each vehicle was created and validated with real-world data, proving that the models are representative. A Trinidad & Tobago Drive Cycle was developed and used as the input to the simulation model.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Real-World Energy and Cost Comparison Between an Electric Vehicle and a Petrol Vehicle in the Trinidad and Tobago Context

Maharaj¹,

King²

2020

Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering &Amp; Technology (IConETech-2020)

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This paper compares actual and predicted energy use and running costs for an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE) and an electric vehicle (EV) in typical Trinidad and Tobago driving conditions. Detailed fuel/energy flow data were extracted to parameterise and validate representative MATLAB/Simulink models of each. Simulations were performed using a representative driving cycle as an input for both vehicle models and parameters such as fuel flow rate and rate of energy transfer were recorded. Energy used by the EV over the driving cycle was approximately 20% of that used by the ICE. The analysis was extended to consider the Well to Wheel energy use and CO2 emissions by combining the model results with published data, showing that both energy and CO2 emissions from the EV are approximately 50% of those produced by the ICE. Further, it was estimated based on the findings that if 10% of the vehicle fleet was displaced by EVs, this would provide a 9% contribution to the Trinidad and Tobago Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for transportation by 2030. This could be significantly increased if renewable generating sources were to be added to the electrical grid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can calculate the Total Cost of Ownership for the EV and the ICE vehicle, with the timeframe assumed to be 5 years and with similar usage in each case (Table 23). The maintenance cost estimations were derived from Lebeau et al (2013) [20]. Please note that all costs are shown in TTD.…”

Section: Ev Vs Ice Vehicle Cost Of Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-World Energy and Cost Comparison Between an Electric Vehicle and a Petrol Vehicle in the Trinidad and Tobago Context

Maharaj¹,

King²

2020

Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering &Amp; Technology (IConETech-2020)

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“…Due to the significant progress in the AFV sector, including new engine technologies, new model launches and also a continuously high dependence on public interventionism, it was extremely challenging to forecast the residual value ("RV") of B-EVs, PH-EVs and FC-EVs. The total cost of ownership is also a key aspect in any corporate fleet tender, as it is ultimately not the new-car transaction price but its TCO, which defines the cost competitiveness of a vehicle model versus its competitors [59].…”

Section: Customer Behaviour and Its Impact On Afv Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018

Reimers

2021

Energies

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Throughout decades, conflicts related to the access and usage of various energy sources have caused political tensions between nations and confederations of states. Thus, partially to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels, a thorough transition towards renewable energies has been promoted by several regional and national governments as well as by multinational institutions such as the European Union. In this context, the automotive industry has particularly been held responsible for the production of negative externalities, such as global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), noise and air pollution. To a notable extent, these externalities were caused by vehicles running on fossil fuels such as petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Accordingly, it is often argued that replacing vehicles run by internal combustion engines (ICEs) with so-called alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), particularly with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), is crucial to increase the sustainability of the transport sector. Moreover, several EU-member states aim to reduce the vehicle-related petrol and diesel demand to decrease their dependence on foreign energy sources. However, one must consider that there are important economic costs related to such a transition process. This paper evaluates the short-term and long-term effects of fiscal policies on the European automotive market in the period from 2010 to 2018, focusing on the impact of mentioned public incentives for AFVs. This public interventionism will be critically evaluated to examine the effectiveness of government incentives in promoting AFVs, particularly for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The author argues that the rather positive sales evolution of AFVs was not caused by corresponding actual customer demand but mainly by governmental policies in an increasingly interventionist market. He acknowledges that the growing variety of available PEV models, the increasing driving range of electric vehicles, as well as their decreasing production costs due to economies of scale, have helped PEVs to become more competitive. However, the concern should be raised that mentioned public interventionism is unsustainable from a macroeconomic perspective, possibly leading to significant market distortion and a new artificial market bubble. The narrowed focus on battery electric vehicles prevents the market from further elaborating on other potentially more sustainable technologies. Moreover, from a geostrategic perspective, the transition of the European automotive industry towards electrification is likely to reduce the EU’s dependency on imported fossil fuels but enables several non-European automotive brands to conquer a significant market with their new competitive plug-in electric vehicle technologies.

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“…Thus, there are priority risks that will lead to more efforts in management and attention in the preparation of projects. These are mainly the risks associated with the operational and financial viability of the projects (Lebeau et al, 2013;Vaz, 2015). The identification of risks in the electrification process does not necessarily imply that the project is not viable, but it does bring a warning signal that should be considered in the decision-making process.…”

Section: Risk Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through this strategy, it is possible, for example, to build a more solid electrification process, which will allow reducing technology uncertainties, as well as potentializing the possible benefits of using electric vehicles. It is worth mentioning that electric buses have barriers inherent to all emerging technologies, such as the high cost of implementation and risks associated with the business (Greenpeace, 2016, D'agosto, Gonçalves & Almeida, 2017Slowik, et al, 2018, Lebeau, Lebeau, Macharis & Mierlo, 2013Vaz, 2015). Given the importance of public transport for cities, it is relevant that any modification, especially structural, such as the replacement of the propulsion system, should come up in studies that allow us to glimpse not only the long-term economic and financial viability, but also the technical viability, environmental and social aspects of new transport projects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the evaluation of electrification projects of public transportation by bus

Souza

Dantas²

2020

Rev. Prod. Desenvolv.

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Purpose: This paper introduces a project evaluation strategy and risk mapping for electrification of public transportation. It is also the scope for identifying the participation of institutions beyond and of the transportation ecosystem in the decision-making process of electric bus projects. Methodology/ Approach: The methodology is based in a feasibility study to assess the applicability of electric buses according to the operational and infrastructure characteristics of the cities. Findings: The achieved strategy presented a global vision of project elaboration, including the participation of steakholders who are not traditionally associated with planning, but are an active part of the services provision. Research Implication: Based on the project evaluation strategy proposed is possible to reduce market or technology uncertainties, to anticipate and mitigate the identified risks to provide safer recommendations to decision makers Originality/Value of paper: transportation planners and decision maker will now be able to make decisions based on a thorough assessment of the compatibility of electric buses with the respective cities

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How expensive are electric vehicles? A total cost of ownership analysis.

Cited by 39 publications

References 19 publications

A Real-World Energy and Cost Comparison Between an Electric Vehicle and a Petrol Vehicle in the Trinidad and Tobago Context

A Real-World Energy and Cost Comparison Between an Electric Vehicle and a Petrol Vehicle in the Trinidad and Tobago Context

The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018

Strategies for the evaluation of electrification projects of public transportation by bus

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