“…For example, the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica (linnaeuS, 1767), lives for more than 500 years (JoneS, 1983;ropeS & MurawSki, 1983;Schöne, FieBig, & others, 2005;wanaMaker, ScourSe, & others 2008;BuTler & others, 2011), Neopycnodonte zibrowii wiSShak & others, 2009, for more than 545 years (wiSShak & others, 2009), and the European freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera (linnaeuS, 1758), exceeds a lifespan of 200 years (MuTvei & weSTerMark, 2001). Each specimen of such long-lived species opens a multi-century window into the climatic past.…”