“…The time-lagged method was utilized in this study to gather data at three-time intervals. The time-lagged technique is common in modern research since it allows researchers to perform many surveys for a specific study ( Khan et al, 2020 ; Ali et al, 2021 ; Bahadur and Ali, 2021 ; Khan, 2021a , b ; Mehmood et al, 2021a , b ; Ullah et al, 2021 ; Yu et al, 2021 ). Researchers may collect data from several sources in this manner, reducing the possibility of common source bias.…”