How electronics changed impedance measurements

Encountering Spurious Elements in Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Data Fitting

“…1 From that era originate also analyzers with simple evaluation tools built into the hardware. A HP 4274 A was the first computer interfaceable impedance spectrum analyzer that started the series of tools for spectral analysis, 2,3 first in electronics, but eventually in electrochemistry. Figure 1 shows a detail of a bit more recent Hewlett-Packard Impedance Analyzer model 4192 A front panel.…”

Measurement of capacitance and resistance using two perfectly synchronized voltage sources

“…Moreover, the quantum Hall effect which provides the quantized Hall resistance is used as a primary standard of impedance [6,7]. There is no doubt that the electronics development has a great effect on the electrical measurements [8]. This enables the researchers to design digital bridges as introduced in [9], but such bridges have some limitations related to measurand type, measurement range, operating frequency, and source waveform.…”

Comparison of impedance measurements in a DSP using ellipse-fit and seven-parameter sine-fit algorithms

“…Traditional impedance measurement techniques are being improved [1] due to the development of highly efficient analog to digital converters, the use of digital signal processing techniques and the rapid development of new, more powerful digital signal processors that can now perform millions of operations per second. Impedance measurements are a relevant topic with many new developments published recently.…”