“…For example, some studies found that people with higher education and income reported better health and experienced lower rates of chronic diseases (Feng et al ., 2012; Wu and Zhang, 2016; Xu and Xie, 2017). Other scholars suggested that higher SES indeed led to high risky behaviours, such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyles and a poor diet (Kim et al ., 2004; Chen et al ., 2010; Streeter, 2017; Zhang et al ., 2018), which resulted in a higher prevalence of chronic conditions (Zimmer and Kwong, 2004). Still others demonstrated non-significant effects of SES measures on health outcomes, such as the dynamics of disability (Gu and Zeng, 2004).…”