How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual?

Sippel, Lauren M.; Pietrzak, Robert H.; Charney, Dennis S.; Mayes, Linda C.; Southwick, Steven M.

doi:10.5751/es-07832-200410

Cited by 291 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…In specific, results show a positive association between resilience and social interaction with colleagues before the beginning of the shift. This finding is consistent with literature showing that social support can promote self‐protection (Shimoinaba, O'Connor, Lee, & Kissane, ) and modifies current behaviours (Sippel, Pietrzak, Charney, Mayes, & Southwick, ). Congruently, Cameron and Brownie () found that colleagues’ support could enhance nurses’ resilience.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Resilience in nursing: The role of internal and external factors

2018

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Recent evidence shows that resilience can buffer the negative impact of workplace stressors on nurses and is linked to favourable patient outcomes. However, the comparative effectiveness of different contributing factors to nurses' resilience has not yet been examined. Our objective was to examine and compare the impact of individual characteristics, external factors and coping strategies on nurses' resilience. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected from 1,012 Greek nurses working in eight hospitals in northern Greece. Resilience, anxiety and depression, were measured using existing validated self- report instruments. In terms of coping strategies, this study used the "Mental Preparation Strategies Scale" to assess the mental preparation strategies employed by nurses before the beginning of their shift. Educational level, anxiety and the overall use of mental preparation strategies were the main predictors of nurse's resilience ([F = 52.781, p = 0.000, R = 0.139, Adjusted R = 0.137]). Resilient nurses were better educated {(b = 0.094. 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.038, 0.162)}, had lower anxiety ([b = -0.449, 95% CI -0.526, -0.372]) and used more often mental preparation strategies before the beginning of their shift ([b = 0.101, 95% CI 0.016, 0.061]). Findings provide information about which subgroups of nurses are more vulnerable in terms of resilience, i.e. less educated nurses, or nurses working in internal medicine wards.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Resilience in nursing: The role of internal and external factors

2018

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“…More specifically, Sippel et al. () state that social networks need to be understood to fully understand resilience in the face of trauma. Empirical studies have begun to confirm this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community violence and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in urban youth: The moderating influence of friend and parent support

Affrunti

Suárez

Simpson

2018

Journal Community Psychology

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Separate lines of research have demonstrated that community violence predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth and that social support is one protective factor against the development of PTSD symptoms. The current study sought to examine the associations between primary and secondary exposure to community violence and the moderating role of parent and friend support on these relations. Participants were 96 urban youths (aged 6–17 years; 58.4% racial/ethnic minority; 51% female) and a caregiver recruited from a university mental health clinic. Results indicated that both primary and secondary exposure to community violence predicted PTSD symptoms. Friend support, but not parent support, moderated the association between primary, but not secondary, exposure to community violence and PTSD symptoms. The findings suggest that friend support is a salient protective factor for urban youth who may be at risk of PTSD symptoms due to exposure to community violence.

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“…Multiple biological and environmental confounders of PCE were assessed and controlled to isolate the effects of PCE and CM, including prenatal exposure to other substances such as alcohol (Larkby et al, 2011), tobacco (Maughan et al, 2004), and marijuana (Goldschmidt et al, 2000), elevated lead (≥10 μg/dL) levels (Lane et al, 2008; Min et al, 2009; Singer et al, 2008), ongoing caregiver postpartum substance abuse (Elkington et al, 2011) and psychological distress (Minnes et al, 2010), poor quality of the home environment (Singer et al, 2008; Min et al, 2014b), and violence exposure (Kobulsky et al, 2016; Frank et al, 2011). Further, lack of ecological resources and support from family, school, and the neighborhood/community which tend to confound with CM (Sippel et al, 2015), were also controlled. We hypothesized that adolescents with PCE would be more reactive to stress (more involuntary engagement and disengagement) and utilize coping strategies less effectively (less primary and secondary control and more disengagement) than adolescents without PCE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of prenatal cocaine exposure, childhood maltreatment, and responses to stress in adolescence

Min

Minnes

Kim

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may alter responses to stress. Children with PCE tend to grow up in suboptimal caregiving environments, conducive to child maltreatment (CM). Guided by the diathesis-stress model, the present study examined differences in self-reported responses to stress and coping in adolescents with and without PCE and explored whether childhood maltreatment (CM) moderated the effects of PCE. Methods Adolescents (N=363; 184 PCE, 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire was used to assess volitional coping (primary control, secondary control, disengagement) and involuntary responses (involuntary engagement, involuntary disengagement) to stress at the 15- and 17-year follow-up visits. CM was assessed retrospectively at age 17 using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results Findings from longitudinal mixed model analyses indicated that PCE was associated with poorer coping strategies only among adolescents with a history of CM. Adolescents with PCE who experienced CM reported less dominant use of primary (e.g., problem solving, emotional regulation) and secondary control (e.g., cognitive restructuring) and more dominant use of disengagement (e.g., denial, avoidance) and involuntary disengagement (e.g., inaction) than adolescents with PCE who did not experience CM or NCE adolescents regardless of CM. CM was associated with more dominant use of involuntary engagement (e.g., intrusive thoughts). Conclusions PCE may increase sensitivity to CM, predisposing increased vulnerability to environmental risk. Continued studies into adulthood will elucidate how coping and involuntary stress responses affect social, vocational, and behavioral adjustment.

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How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual?

Cited by 291 publications

References 53 publications

Resilience in nursing: The role of internal and external factors

Resilience in nursing: The role of internal and external factors

Community violence and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in urban youth: The moderating influence of friend and parent support

Association of prenatal cocaine exposure, childhood maltreatment, and responses to stress in adolescence

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