How do you write and present research well? 9—show and state what error bars represent

Abstract

Q9 What do error bars in graphs or uncertainty in variables (x±Δx) represent?[1] (Multiple answers) Standard deviation, σ Standard error of the mean, σn Confidence interval, tfalse(α,n−1false)σn Instrument resolution Maximum and minimum of a range of measurements The correct expression for sample standard deviation is s; it is s/n for the standard error of the mean and tfalse(α,n−1false)s/n for the confidence interval. Both (d) and (e) are acceptable together with s, s/n, and tfalse(α,n−1false)s/n, but we recommend the confidence interval.

Experimental Investigation of the Fluidization Reduction Characteristics of Iron Particles Coated with Carbon Powder under Pressurized Conditions

“…If the resistance of external diffusion, internal diffusion, and interface chemical reaction during the reaction are not ignored, the reaction kinetic equation should consider the influences of these three factors on the rate simultaneously. For spherical particles, the following equation can be obtained [36,37]:…”

How do you write and present research well? 10—State the uncertainty, but not too precisely

“…The uncertainty is an indicator of the measurement quality . Researchers assign the uncertainty to the standard deviation, (or s —sample standard deviation), standard error of the mean, , or confidence interval, CI or .…”

How do you write and present research well? 12—Design graphs to fit within the journal column width

“…Eng . report confidence intervals (Q9—Show and State what Error Bars Represent). Standard line weights should be 0.5–0.75 pt.…”