How Do Plants Survive Ice?

Andrews, C. J.

doi:10.1006/anbo.1996.0157

Cited by 68 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In contrast to the tropics, several studies have been carried out on physiological responses to low temperatures in grasses of temperate regions, which have considered tolerance to ice formation (Andrews 1996), photosynthetic response to low temperatures (Long 1983;Pittermann and Sage 2001;Sage 2002; and ecophysiological perspectives on global change . Schwarz and Redmann (1987) and Sage and Sage (2002) suggest further studies for a better understanding of resistance mechanisms of grass species distributed in low temperature environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing tolerance in grasses along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes

2006

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The tropical high Andes experience greater daily temperature oscillations compared to seasonal ones as well as a high frequency of night frost occurrence year round. Survival of organisms, under such environmental conditions, has been determined by selective forces which have evolved into adaptations including avoidance or tolerance to freezing. These adaptations have been studied in diVerent species of trees, shrubs and perennial herbs in páramo ecosystems, while they have not been considered in grasses, an important family of the páramo. In order to understand survival of Poaceae, resistance mechanisms were determined. The study was performed along an altitudinal gradient (2,500-4,200 m a.s.l.) in the páramo. Supercooling capacity and frost injury temperature were determined in nine species in order to establish cold resistance mechanisms. Grasses registered a very low supercooling capacity along the altitudinal gradient, with ice formation between ¡6 and ¡3°C. On the other hand, frost injury temperature oscillated between ¡18 and ¡7°C. Our results suggest that grasses exhibit freezing tolerance as their main cold resistance mechanism. Since grasses grow at ground level, where greatest heat loss takes place, tolerance may be related to this life form as reported for other small life forms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing tolerance in grasses along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes

2006

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“…Adaptations to freezing have been studied at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and genetic levels (Andrews, 1996;Browse and Xin, 2001;Griffith and Yaish, 2004). The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant sensitive to freezing2 (sfr2) was discovered as a freezing-sensitive plant during a forward genetic mutant screen (Warren et al, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Unfavorable conditions might include periods of high temperature and drought, or increased salt concentrations in soils following coastal flooding. Salt and drought stress are conceptually closely related to freezing, as all are accompanied by severe dehydration of plant cells (Andrews, 1996;Verslues et al, 2006). Drought stress directly decreases the water potential in the apoplast and causes water deficiency within the symplast.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Increased salt exposure can change the cellular ion and solute homeostasis, which directly limits water availability for other cellular processes such as biochemical reactions or membrane hydration. Upon freezing, cellular dehydration is caused by extracellular ice formation, which acts as a nucleation site for water drawn out of the cell (Andrews, 1996). Cellular dehydration in plants usually is accompanied by the shrinkage of the symplast and organelles, bringing different cellular membranes into close proximity, which can lead to the fusion of membranes along with membrane bilayer structure disruption.…”

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SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

2016

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SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 (SFR2) is crucial for protecting chloroplast membranes following freezing in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). It has been shown that SFR2 homologs are present in all land plants, including freezing-sensitive species, raising the question of SFR2 function beyond freezing tolerance. Similar to freezing, salt and drought can cause dehydration. Thus, it is hypothesized that in freezing-sensitive plants SFR2 may play roles in their resilience to salt or drought. To test this hypothesis, SlSFR2 RNAi lines were generated in the cold/freezing-sensitive species tomato (Solanum lycopersicum [M82 cv]). Hypersensitivity to salt and drought of SlSFR2-RNAi lines was observed. Higher tolerance of wild-type tomatoes was correlated with the production of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol, a product of SFR2 activity. Tomato SFR2 in vitro activity is Mg 2+ -dependent and its optimal pH is 7.5, similar to that of Arabidopsis SFR2, but the specific activity of tomato SFR2 in vitro is almost double that of Arabidopsis SFR2. When salt and drought stress were applied to Arabidopsis, no conditions could be identified at which SFR2 was induced prior to irreversibly impacting plant growth, suggesting that SFR2 protects Arabidopsis primarily against freezing. Discovery of tomato SFR2 function in drought and salt resilience provides further insights into general membrane lipid remodeling-based stress tolerance mechanisms and together with protection against freezing in freezing-resistant plants such as Arabidopsis, it adds lipid remodeling as a possible target for the engineering of abiotic stress-resilient crops.

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“…Since ice can restrict gas diffusion (Andrews, 1996) from plants and the solubility of CO 2 increases as the temperature decreases, it is possible that CO 2 levels could be high enough, even under ambient pressures, to cause significant dissolution in water. This would reduce the freezing point of the liquid water at an ice/liquid interface and could induce ice melting similar to that proposed for sugars (Olien, 1992).…”

Section: Post Pressure Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Effect of CO2 on Apoplastic Ice in Rye and Oat during Freezing

2000

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Meristematic tissues from rye (Secale cereale) and oat (Avena sativa) were studied in an isothermal calorimeter at ؊3°C. When the frozen tissue was placed in the calorimeter, the pressure increased within 4 d to 25 and 9 kPa above ambient pressure in the sample vessels containing crowns of rye and oat, respectively. Concurrently, the thermal output went down to ؊194 W in rye over the 4-d period; this negative thermal activity could be accounted for by ice melting in the plants. When the pressure was released, the output from the calorimeter went from ؊194 to 229 W within 1 h, suggesting that water had frozen in the plants. We propose that CO 2 from respiration had dissolved in the water in the plants and caused melting of ice (heat absorption) due to the colligative properties of solutions. When the pressure was released, the CO 2 came out of solution and the water froze (heat evolution). These thermal observations were duplicated in a simplified, nonbiological system using a glycol/water mixture that was partially frozen at ؊3°C.Mechanisms used by plants to counter stresses during freezing are interactive and therefore are very difficult to characterize. Biochemical and biophysical adaptation of plants that occur at below-freezing temperatures but before injury occurs (second phase of hardening, 2PH) have been reported (Trunova, 1965;Steponkus, 1978;Olien, 1984;Livingston, 1996;Livingston and Henson, 1998). These adaptations conferred hardiness to 2PH plants by allowing them to survive stresses that plants hardened only at abovefreezing temperatures (first phase of hardening, 1PH) could not withstand (Olien, 1984).Ice formation in plants begins in the apoplast and must remain there if injury to the plant is to be avoided. Griffith et al. (1997) reported an increase in proteins with antifreeze activity in the apoplastic fluid from rye (Secale cereale) leaves that had been cold hardened at above-freezing temperatures. They suggested that these proteins provided protection down to freezing temperatures, and that other protective mechanisms allowed the plant to survive lower temperatures.Olien (1973, 1974, 1977, 1984) described a form of freezing stress called adhesion that occurs at around Ϫ10°C. Adhesion is the result of a slow rate of freezing such that very small displacements from equilibrium occur. Under these freezing conditions, the advancing ice lattice, upon reaching the vicinity of the cell wall, competes with it for the intervening liquid water; this competition causes adhesion between ice and the cell wall or between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. As the protoplast shrinks during freezing, adhesions to it can cause damage that results in the death of the plant (Olien, 1977).Adhesive stress may be relieved through the release of solutes, presumably from the hydrolysis of fructan (Olien, 1984). This would virtually convert adhesive stress to osmotic stress, as melting increases the amount of interfacial liquid. Solute release into the apoplast during 2PH was reported in rye, barley, and oat (Avena s...

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How Do Plants Survive Ice?

Cited by 68 publications

References 38 publications

Freezing tolerance in grasses along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes

Freezing tolerance in grasses along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Andes

SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

Thermal Effect of CO2 on Apoplastic Ice in Rye and Oat during Freezing

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