How do gender disparities in entrepreneurial aspirations emerge in Pakistan? An approach to mediation and multi-group analysis

Abstract

This cross-sectional study sought to identify gender differences in individual behavioral attitudes, personal traits, and entrepreneurial education based on planned behavior theory. The Smart partial least squares (PLS) structural equation model and PLS path modeling were used. A survey design was used to collect data from 309 samples using quantitative measures. The model was tested for validity and reliability and showed variance (full, R2 = 58.9% and split, R2 = 62.7% and R2 = 52.7%) in male and female model predictive power, respectively. Subjective norms (SN), personality traits (PT), and entrepreneurial education (EE) significantly impacted the male sample’s intention. Females’ intentions toward entrepreneurship was less affected by attitude toward behavior (ATB), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and entrepreneurship education (EE). Further, attitudes, social norms, and behavioral controls as mediation variables indicate a significant and positive role of male and female intentions. These findings imply that behavioral beliefs (ATB, PBC, and SN) influence entrepreneurial intention-action translation. The results significantly supported the designed hypotheses and shed light on individual personality traits (PT) and entrepreneurship education (EE) underpinning enterprise intention. The study determined that EE and PT are the strongest predictors of intention, thus highlighting the role of these motives in the entrepreneurial process. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on youth entrepreneurs, expands our understanding of entrepreneurship as a practical career choice, and offers a novel account differentiating male and female PT. The drive to evaluate the effects of entrepreneurial intention among budding disparities in Pakistan requires a more profound knowledge of the aspects that endorse entrepreneurship as a choice of profession and enhances youth incentive abilities to engage in entrepreneurial activities based on exploitation.

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“…Therefore, the five dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be targeted to specifically develop specific measures to foster entrepreneurial attitudes and create an entrepreneurial environment. Extends the results of Sargani et al (2020 , 2021a) applied Theory of Planned Behavior study. In other words, improving the sense of innovation efficacy, risk tolerance efficacy, opportunity recognition efficacy, relationship coordination efficacy, and organizational commitment efficacy is the focus of formulating innovation and entrepreneurship policies, improving the entrepreneurial environment, and fostering entrepreneurial attitudes.…”

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“…The sample size assumes a pivotal role in data analysis consistent with substantial estimates, explanation of results, and objective achievement in validating estimates and describing meaningful outcomes (Leguina, 2015;Sargani et al, 2021a). Therefore, an appropriate and adequate sample size from the target population is attained by adopting the formula of Yamane (1967), which is presented as follows:…”

“…In comparison, the growers' attitude is centered on assessing their resources and assets for a living in the light of recent studies (Fang et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2017;García de Jalón et al, 2018). As a result, smallholder farmers in developing nations face several risks and challenges (Schroth and Ruf, 2014;Khanal et al, 2018a); such risks can be mitigated by using sources of livelihood to adopt adaptation practices that optimize the economic efficiency of production (Jezeer et al, 2019;Sargani et al, 2021a). To rely on "take-make-dispose" practices has had appalling effects on the environment, and effective use of assets and resources by rethinking and redesigning agrarian economies may be an excellent chance to improve rural wellbeing in China and Pakistan.…”

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“…Accordingly, states that previously considered women unfit for active participation in nation-building are rapidly adjusting policies in favor of the female population, allowing the latter to engage in entrepreneurial pursuits (Bui et al , 2018). In contrast, numerous developing nations are characterized by the fact that gender equality is not being uniformly adopted, as has been highlighted by Sargani et al (2021). As particularly evident in Asian countries, women also face numerous challenges in starting and running a business for a variety of reasons, including social stigma, lack of access to capital and discrimination (Carranza et al , 2018).…”