How do experts recognize schizophrenia: the role of the disorganization symptom

Abstract

How do experts recognize schizophrenia: the role of the disorganization symptom Como os especialistas reconhecem a esquizofrenia: o papel do sintoma desorganização A b s t r a c t Objective: Research on clinical reasoning has been useful in developing expert systems. These tools are based on Artificial Intelligence techniques which assist the physician in the diagnosis of complex diseases. The development of these systems is based on a cognitive model extracted through the identification of the clinical reasoning patterns applied by experts within the clinical decision-making context. This study describes the method of knowledge acquisition for the identification of the triggering symptoms used in the reasoning of three experts for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Method: Three experts on schizophrenia, from two University centers in Sao Paulo, were interviewed and asked to identify and to represent the triggering symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the graph methodology. Results: Graph methodology showed a remarkable disagreement on how the three experts established their diagnosis of schizophrenia. They differed in their choice of triggering-symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia: disorganization, blunted affect and thought disturbances. Conclusions: The results indicate substantial differences between the experts as to their diagnostic reasoning patterns, probably under the influence of different theoretical tendencies. The disorganization symptom was considered to be the more appropriate to represent the heterogeneity of schizophrenia and also, to further develop an expert system for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Expert systems; Knowledge acquisition; Schizophrenia; Psychotic disorders Resumo Objetivo: As pesquisas sobre o raciocínio clínico foram importantes para o surgimento de sistemas de apoio à decisão diagnóstica. Essas ferramentas são desenvolvidas por meio de técnicas de inteligência artificial e têm com objetivo principal auxiliar o médico no diagnóstico de doenças complexas. A abordagem utilizada para a construção desses sistemas constitui na formulação de um modelo baseado na identificação de padrões no raciocínio dos expertos quando de uma tomada de decisão diagnóstica. Este estudo descreve a metodologia empregada para identificar os elementos-chave utilizados no raciocínio de três expertos no processo de diagnóstico do transtorno da esquizofrenia. Método: Para explorar o raciocínio clínico foram selecionados três expertos em esquizofrenia de dois centros universitários de São Paulo. Foi utilizado o método dos grafos, por meio do qual o experto podia esquematizar a combinação de sintomas-chave que ele utilizava para identificar um diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Resultados: A partir da análise qualitativa dos grafos foi possível notar uma diferença marcante nos padrões de raciocínio diagnóstico. Essa diferença ocorreu, sobretudo, nos sintomas-chave do processo de decisão diagnóstica: desorganização, afeto embotado e distúrbio do pensament...

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