How did
            <i>Homo sapiens</i>
            evolve?

Galway‐Witham, Julia; Stringer, Chris

doi:10.1126/science.aat6659

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Individual mutations spread leading to increasing variation in genomes within the model. This is comparable to the geographic differentiation through isolation-by-distance as proposed for the reticulate or multiregional evolution model [62–63] or the recent assimilation model [64–65]. Demes in the centre of the model are on average nearer to the origins of mutations than are demes on the periphery.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves

Bons

Bauer

Bocherens

et al. 2018

Preprint

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2324 Hominin evolution is characterized by progressive regional differentiation, as well as 25 migration waves, leading to anatomically modern humans that are assumed to have 26 emerged in Africa and spread over the whole world. Why or whether Africa was the source 27 region of modern humans and what caused their spread remains subject of ongoing debate. 28 We present a spatially explicit, stochastic numerical model that includes ongoing mutations, 29 demic diffusion, assortative mating and migration waves. Diffusion and assortative mating 30 alone result in a structured population with relatively homogeneous regions bound by 31 sharp clines. The addition of migration waves results in a power-law distribution of wave 32 areas: for every large wave, many more small waves are expected to occur. This suggests 33 that one or more out-of-Africa migrations would probably have been accompanied by 34 numerous smaller migration waves across the world. The migration waves are considered 35 "spontaneous", as the current model excludes environmental or other factors. Large waves 36 preferentially emanate from the central areas of large, compact inhabited areas. During the 37 Pleistocene, Africa was the largest such area most of the time, making Africa the statistically 38 most likely origin of anatomically modern humans, without a need to invoke additional 39 environmental or ecological drivers. 40 41 Introduction 42 -3 -43 Hominins are generally supposed to have originated in Africa and settled most of Africa and 44 the southern half of Eurasia in the early Pleistocene [1-5]. Fossil evidence suggests that 45 earliest Homo sapiens appeared in Africa during the late Middle Pleistocene (Jebel Irhoud, 46 Omo and Herto [6-8]). Anatomically modern humans (AMH) emerged, spread out of Africa 47 during the Late Pleistocene and now occupy the whole world as the only Homo species [9-48 13]. In the intervening time, a number of Homo species, such as Neanderthals, Denisovans, 49 Homo erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. ergaster, etc. existed,. Pleistocene human evolution is thus characterised by differentiation, speciation, 51 migration waves and extinction events. Most authors assume that the out-of-Africa spread 52 of AMH involved one or more migration waves that replaced Homo species that existed at 53 the time with only limited genetic admixture, such as between Neanderthals and AMH [22-54 23]. Many studies have addressed the timing and origin of migration waves, as well as 55 migration paths [e.g. 24,22,25,26,13]. Apart from the major out-of-Africa event(s), AMH 56 populations experienced several more migration waves within already populated areas, 57 such as Africa [27][28] and Europe [29][30]. Considering this, it is not unlikely that more 58 migration waves occurred in the Pleistocene, but the sparse fossil record still makes it 59 difficult to detect any. 60Assuming that migration waves did happen, the question arises what caused them, 61 in particular the spread of AMH. Most authors favour some competitive advantage of AMH 62 ove...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves

Bons

Bauer

Bocherens

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Civilization. This point of view reveals the evolution of human skull morphology on the basis of the hybridization between H. sapiens and other hominin species in Morocco at 300,000 years ago, all of which are descendants of the African Homo sapiens population [203]. All living people in Europe and Asia carry the same amount of Neanderthal DNA due to the interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal that took place in the Middle East [193].…”

Section: Contribution Of Barley For Promoting Worldmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Modern humans had originated in the progeniture of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin [203]. The staple foods of modern human are the synthesis of Homo sapiens that inherited early hominids and Neanderthals, which carry the Neanderthal DNA due to interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal took place in the Middle East.…”

Section: Barley Plays An Important Role In Human Healthy Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases

Zeng

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Barley plays an important role in health and civilization of human migration from Africa to Asia, later to Eurasia. We demonstrated the systematic mechanism of functional ingredients in barley to combat chronic diseases, based on PubMed, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases from 2004 to 2020. Barley and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients to combat more than 20 chronic diseases, which include the 14 similar and 9 different chronic diseases between grains and grass, due to the major molecular mechanism of six functional ingredients of barley grass (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (β-glucans, polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, and resistant starch). The antioxidant activity of barley grass and grain has the same and different functional components. These results support findings that barley grain and its grass are the best functional food, promoting ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, and further show the depending functional ingredients for diet from Pliocene hominids in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe to modern humans in the world. This review paper not only reveals the formation and action mechanism of barley diet overcoming human chronic diseases, but also provides scientific basis for the development of health products and drugs for the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases.

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“…The most striking feature of the fossil record for H. sapiens may be just how meager it is. Most recent treatments, for example, Hublin and Galway‐Witham and Stringer, focus on only four or five relevant specimens: two skulls from Omo‐Kibish, southern Ethiopia, dated 195 ka, one from Herto, north‐eastern Ethiopia, dated 160 ka, one from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated 315 ka, and a partial skull from Florisbad, South Africa, dated 259 ka (locations in Figure ). To these, specialists often add the reconstructed adult skulls numbered 6 and 9 from Qafzeh Cave and 5 from Skhul Cave, both in Israel immediately adjacent to Africa and dated between 120 and 90–80 ka …”

Section: H Sapiens Fossilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population structure and the evolution of Homo sapiens in Africa

Klein

2019

Evolutionary Anthropology

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It has been proposed that a multiregional model could describe how Homo sapiens evolved in Africa beginning 300,000 years ago. Multiregionalism would require enduring morphological or behavioral differences among African regions and morphological or behavioral continuity within each. African fossils, archeology, and genetics do not comply with either requirement and are unlikely to, because climatic change periodically disrupted continuity and reshuffled populations. As an alternative to multiregionalism, I suggest that reshuffling produced novel gene constellations, including one in which the additive or cumulative effect of newly associated genes enhanced cognitive or communicative potential. Eventual fixation of such a constellation in the lineage leading to modern H. sapiens would explain the abrupt appearance of the African Later Stone Age 50–45 thousand years ago, its nearly simultaneous expansion to Eurasia in the form of the Upper Paleolithic, and the ability of fully modern Upper Paleolithic people to swamp or replace non‐modern Eurasians.

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How did Homo sapiens evolve?

Abstract: Genetic and fossil evidence challenges current models of modern human evolution

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves

Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves

Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases

Population structure and the evolution of Homo sapiens in Africa

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