How deep can plasma penetrate into a biofilm?

Inactivation of Candida albicans Biofilms on Polymethyl Methacrylate and Enhancement of the Drug Susceptibility by Cold Ar/O2 Plasma Jet

“…The corresponding cross-section scans also confirmed these results, indicating that cold plasma could achieve the inactivation of biofilms from points to entire surface. Compared with previous report, a significant improvement is noticed while only 15 lm inactivation were observed [40].…”

Pre-drying treatment of plant related tissues using plasma processed air: Impact on enzyme activity and quality attributes of cut apple and potato

“…The observed biphasic behavior of enzyme inactivation might be based on the enzyme specific effect of PPA, as PPO and POD must be considered as mixtures of several enzymes, but also on the presumably very low penetration depth of plasmas (Xiong, Du, Lu, Cao, & Pan, 2011). Consequently, the first, rapid stage of enzyme inactivation might be attributed to a good accessibility of the enzyme to the plasma, and the slower second phase similarly to worsened accessibility, as presumed by Surowsky et al (2013).…”

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects by Atmospheric Pressure Nonequilibrium Plasmas against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms In Vitro

“…The plasma, which is called the fourth state of matter, is generated between 2 insulated metal plate electrodes that are powered by a low-frequency radiofrequency supply (18). The compelling advantage of APNPs is their ability to eliminate diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses (19)(20)(21)(22)(23). APNPs kill microorganisms and deactivate viruses caused by the constant bombardment of short-living reactive species and charged particles (electrons and ions), especially free radicals (24,25).…”