How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations?

Abstract

The factors governing the rate of change in the amount of atmospheric water vapor are analyzed in simulations of climate change. The global-mean amount of water vapor is estimated to increase at a differential rate of 7.3% K −1 with respect to global-mean surface air temperature in the multi-model mean. Larger rates of change result if the fractional change is evaluated over a finite change in temperature (e.g., 8.2% K −1 for a 3 K warming), and rates of change of zonal-mean column water vapor range from 6 to 12% K −1 depending on latitude.Clausius-Clapeyron scaling is directly evaluated using an invariant distribution of monthly-mean relative humidity, giving a rate of 7.4% K −1 for global-mean water vapor. There are deviations from Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of zonal-mean column water vapor in the tropics and mid-latitudes, but they largely cancel in the global mean. A purely thermodynamic scaling based on a saturated troposphere gives a higher global rate of 7.9% K −1 .Surface specific humidity increases at a rate of 5.7% K −1 , considerably lower than the rate for global-mean water vapor. Surface specific humidity closely follows Clausius-Clapeyron scaling over ocean. But there are widespread decreases in surface relative humidity over land (by more than 1% K −1 in many regions), and it is argued that decreases of this magnitude could result from the land/ocean contrast in surface warming. 1 The moist-thermodynamic formulation used is described in section 3. 2 Changes in upper-tropospheric water vapor have been extensively studied because of their importance for radiative transfer, but are not addressed here.

Relative impacts of land use and climate change on summer precipitation in the Netherlands

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Sensitivity of historical orographically enhanced extreme precipitation events to idealized temperature perturbations

“…In a warming climate available moisture will generally increase, roughly following the atmospheric saturation specific humidity (O'Gorman and Schneider 2009b;O'Gorman and Muller 2010). The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation is often used as a rule of thumb on how extreme precipitation may change in a warmer climate (e.g.…”

The Role of Water Vapour in Earth’s Energy Flows

“…Equation 1 therefore predicts increases in water vapour of order 6-7%/K for temperatures close to the surface assuming fixed relative humidity; further discussion is given by O'Gorman and Muller (2010).…”