How can imported monkeypox break the borders? A rapid systematic review

Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Hammad, Elsayed Mohamed; Hall, Mohamed Ashraf; Mahboob, Amira; Zeina, Sally; Elbanna, Eman H.; Fadl, Noha; Abdelmoneim, Shaimaa Abdelaziz; ElMakhzangy, Rony; Hammad, Hammad Mohamed; Suliman, Afrah humidan; Atia, Hayat Hasab Alkreem; Rao, Naman R.; Abosheaishaa, Hazem; Elrewany, Ehab; Hassaan, Mahmoud A.; Hammouda, Esraa Abdellatif; Hussein, Mai

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101923

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, the incubation periods presented in this report are consistent with those reported elsewhere [ 8 , 9 , 20 , 21 ]. Furthermore, based on the report of three apparently non-related cases (case #1, #2, and #4) with no history of recent travel and sexual contact with non-Colombian individuals, and the identification of one imported case (case #3), it is reasonable to suspect that multiple introduction events have occurred in Cartagena [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, infections caused by MPXV clade I were associated with a higher case fatality rate compared to those caused by MPXV clade II [ 2 ]. Contact with infected animals or fomites and travel to areas of confirmed transmission have been described as the main transmission mechanisms and factors associated with Mpox in areas without sustained historical human-to-human transmission [ 2 , 3 ]. Increased connectivity between endemic and non-endemic areas raises the risk of Mpox importation and spread [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the substantial increase of MPXV infections globally, on 23 July, the World Health Organization declared the Mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern [ 6 ]. As of mid-December 2022, more than 82,000 Mpox cases have been reported globally, and more than 100 non-endemic countries—such as Colombia—have reported sustained transmission predominantly, though not exclusively, in men who have sex with men [ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In Colombia, the first three cases of Mpox were reported on June 23 [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Investigation of the First Four Cases of Monkeypox in Cartagena during the 2022 Outbreak

2023

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Since early May 2022, numerous cases of Monkeypox (Mpox) have been reported globally in non-endemic areas. However, despite numerous reports worldwide, the epidemiological and genomic information related to the 2022 multi-country outbreak remains scarce in South America. By late June 2022, the first Mpox cases were detected in Colombia. Cartagena is a Colombian Caribbean city with high domestic and international connectivity, and, therefore, is vulnerable to the introduction of the Monkeypox virus (MPXV). This report provides an in-depth description of the epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of the first four cases detected in Cartagena including three cases with no history of recent travel and one imported case. Using various laboratory tools based on PCR, next-generation sequencing, and viral isolation and quantification methods, the MPXV clade IIB was detected and isolated. Importantly, infectious viral particles were identified in lesion swabs collected from all cases and in oropharyngeal swabs collected from two cases. Blood samples tested negative using PCR and isolation. In summary, our work contributes complete genomic, clinical, and epidemiological information that will be useful for a number of studies going forward, and it also documents local information that contributes to our understanding of Mpox at the local level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Investigation of the First Four Cases of Monkeypox in Cartagena during the 2022 Outbreak

2023

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“…The other preventive measures include patient isolation in a single room in a hospital or at home and instructing the patient to wear a mask. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers is recommended [ 67 ]. Quarantine for forward-traced contacts has been proposed to control the spread of infection [ 67 ], but the WHO recommends it only if the symptoms are present [ 68 ].…”

Section: Management Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers is recommended [ 67 ]. Quarantine for forward-traced contacts has been proposed to control the spread of infection [ 67 ], but the WHO recommends it only if the symptoms are present [ 68 ]. Each country, under the guidance of the WHO or CDC, must develop strategies to avoid mpox spread, and these plans should concentrate on case discovery, management, contact tracing, laboratory investigation, isolation, and immunization [ 67 , 68 ].…”

Section: Management Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox 2022 Outbreak: How Alarming Is the Situation? Epidemiological and Clinical Review

Marraha¹,

Faker²,

Chahoub³

et al. 2023

Clinics and Practice

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Monkeypox is a disease caused by Orthopoxvirus, which also includes the smallpox virus. Several endemics have been reported on the African continent, typically in the western and central regions. However, since 13 May 2022, there have been several cases reported from different member states; the number of confirmed cases in 1 month exceeded the total number of cases reported outside the African continent since the first case in 1970. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consider monkeypox as an important disease for global public health. The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with monkeypox remain unclear. In this brief review, we investigated and compared the different characteristics already reported in cases of monkeypox.

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Evolutionary potential of the monkeypox genome arising from interactions with human APOBEC3 enzymes

et al. 2023

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APOBEC3, an enzyme subfamily that plays a role in virus restriction by generating mutations at particular DNA motifs or mutational “hotspots,” can drive viral mutagenesis with host-specific preferential hotspot mutations contributing to pathogen variation. While previous analysis of viral genomes from the 2022 Mpox (formerly Monkeypox) disease outbreak has shown a high frequency of C>T mutations at TC motifs, suggesting recent mutations are human APOBEC3-mediated, how emerging monkeypox virus (MPXV) strains will evolve as a consequence of APOBEC3-mediated mutations remains unknown. By measuring hotspot under-representation, depletion at synonymous sites, and a combination of the two, we analyzed APOBEC3-driven evolution in human poxvirus genomes, finding varying hotspot under-representation patterns. While the native poxvirus molluscum contagiosum exhibits a signature consistent with extensive coevolution with human APOBEC3, including depletion of TC hotspots, variola virus shows an intermediate effect consistent with ongoing evolution at the time of eradication. MPXV, likely the result of recent zoonosis, showed many genes with more TC hotspots than expected by chance (over-representation) and fewer GC hotspots than expected (under-representation). These results suggest the MPXV genome: 1) may have evolved in a host with a particular APOBEC GC hotspot preference, 2) has inverted terminal repeat (ITR) regions –which may be exposed to APOBEC3 for longer during viral replication– and longer genes likely to evolve faster, and therefore 3) has a heightened potential for future human APOBEC3-meditated evolution as the virus spreads in the human population. Our predictions of MPXV mutational potential can both help guide future vaccine development and identification of putative drug targets and add urgency to the task of containing human Mpox disease transmission and uncovering the ecology of the virus in its reservoir host.

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How can imported monkeypox break the borders? A rapid systematic review

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Investigation of the First Four Cases of Monkeypox in Cartagena during the 2022 Outbreak

Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Investigation of the First Four Cases of Monkeypox in Cartagena during the 2022 Outbreak

Monkeypox 2022 Outbreak: How Alarming Is the Situation? Epidemiological and Clinical Review

Evolutionary potential of the monkeypox genome arising from interactions with human APOBEC3 enzymes

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