Monkeypox 2022 Outbreak: How Alarming Is the Situation? Epidemiological and Clinical Review

Marraha, Farah; Faker, Ibtissam Al; Chahoub, Hanane; Benyamna, Youness; Rahmani, Najlae; Gallouj, S.

doi:10.3390/clinpract13010010

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…Secondly, despite its primary association with primates, it can infect various animal and human species [ 2 ]. Unlike the outbreaks in humans in past decades [ 4 ], the 2022 epidemic outbreak constitutes the first significant case of global dispersion, affecting several countries and continents [ 5 ]. Third, the global discontinuation of vaccination programs against orthopoxviruses (i.e., vaccinia virus vaccine) after the eradication of smallpox potentially correlates with the re-emergence of this virus [ 7 ], implying the need to review global vaccination strategies to prevent or control new outbreaks of HMPX.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first instance of HMPX outside Africa was reported in 2003 in the United States, with 47 cases. Between 2000 and 2020, a total of 20,237 cases of HMPX were reported across 16 countries [ 4 ]. Although MPXV had been primarily confined to African countries with occasional outbreaks elsewhere, in May 2022, a case of HMPX was documented in the United Kingdom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models

Marín-Sánchez,

Pesantes-Grados,

Pérez-Timaná

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has caused an unusual epidemiological scenario—an epidemic within a pandemic (COVID-19). Despite the inherent evolutionary and adaptive capacity of poxviruses, one of the potential triggers for the emergence of this epidemic was the change in the status of orthopoxvirus vaccination and eradication programs. This epidemic outbreak of HMPX spread worldwide, with a notable frequency in Europe, North America, and South America. Due to these particularities, the objective of the present study was to assess and compare cases of HMPX in these geographical regions through logistic and Gompertz mathematical modeling over one year since its inception. We estimated the highest contagion rates (people per day) of 690, 230, 278, and 206 for the world, Europe, North America, and South America, respectively, in the logistic model. The equivalent values for the Gompertz model were 696, 268, 308, and 202 for the highest contagion rates. The Kruskal–Wallis Test indicated different means among the geographical regions affected by HMPX regarding case velocity, and the Wilcoxon pairwise test indicated the absence of significant differences between the case velocity means between Europe and South America. The coefficient of determination (R2) values in the logistic model varied from 0.8720 to 0.9023, and in the Gompertz model, they ranged from 0.9881 to 0.9988, indicating a better fit to the actual data when using the Gompertz model. The estimated basic reproduction numbers (R0) were more consistent in the logistic model, varying from 1.71 to 1.94 in the graphical method and from 1.75 to 1.95 in the analytical method. The comparative assessment of these mathematical modeling approaches permitted the establishment of the Gompertz model as the better-fitting model for the data and the logistic model for the R0. However, both models successfully represented the actual HMPX case data. The present study estimated relevant epidemiological data to understand better the geographic similarities and differences in the dynamics of HMPX.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models

Marín-Sánchez,

Pesantes-Grados,

Pérez-Timaná

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…11 John et al, (2022) reported that the first case was found in the outer region of Africa and later identified upto 528 active cases between April, 27 to June 24, 2022 in 43 different cities in sixteen different countries. 4,12 Ninety eight percent (98%) were found in gay and bisexual men. Moreover, seventy five percent (75%) were found in white population while forty one percent (41%) were found in immunocompromised patients such as affected with Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected individuals.…”

Section: Monkeypox Impact On the Health Of The World Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkey Pox and its Impact on the Human Health in the World

Khan,

Fahad,

Naushad

et al. 2024

NJLHS

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This editorial was conducted in year 2023 in which main aim was to investigate Monkeypox (MPX) impact on the human health worldwidely. Several studies were searched through different online available sources including google scholar, pubmed, and researchgate. All studies were critically reviewed and analyzed the findings. MPX was first appeared in Denmark in 1958 among Monkeys, which were kept for research, later it appeared in a nine (9) months old boy in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. The monkey pox was caused by Monkey Pox virus (MPXV) which is double stranded DNA virus. It belongs to Orthopoxvirus genus in Poxviridae family which consist of Variola, Cowpox, Vaccina and other viruses. The two genetic clades of the virus were clades I and II. The natural reservoir of MPXV was unknown and various small mammals such as squirrels and monkeys were susceptible. The sign and symptoms includes, rashes, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, back pain and muscle fatigue. MPXV transmits through respiratory droplets which creates due to face to face talking, breathing, kissing and also transmit through body touching. It was observed that the virus entered through broken skin, mucosal surfaces or through respiratory tract. Moreover, sexual partners is also the source of spreading MPXV. MPXV virus spread from one region to another through exports which affect different countries of the world. The virus spread to Europe and America from African region and outbreak occurred in 2022-2023. Mostly tecovirimat and smallpox treatment were used for management of MPXV. Several individuals died and also many were severely ill. This mortality and morbidity also affects the world economy. Due to MPXV, many health problems were raised including anxiety, depression and social stigma. Based on studies analysis, it is recommended to implement the quarantine strategy throughout the world for prevention and spreading of MPXV. Focus should be on transportation, imports, and exports of goods region to region. High quality healthcare centers should be design to tackle such outbreaks. Preferred to wash hand properly with sanitizer and soap. Better research laboratories is also advised for better, early and timely diagnosis of MPXV. Stay at home is another strategy in such situation. Moreover, awareness and medical counseling center is also important to aware public about the transmission, diagnosis and treatment of MPXV. Counseling center are important to reduce and remove the social stigma among general public.

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“…Though previously a relatively rare disease isolated to portions of western and southern Africa, a cluster of cases linked to communities of men who have sex with men (MSM) in parts of Europe and the United States implicated disease spread to communities previously unaffected by the virus [ 2 ]. After cases spread to children and adults, regardless of demographics [ 3 ], it became clear that interhuman transmission was responsible for most new cases, prompting renewed concerns of a follow-up uncontrollable disease [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misinformation and Public Health Messaging in the Early Stages of the Mpox Outbreak: Mapping the Twitter Narrative With Deep Learning

Edinger¹,

Valdez²,

Walsh‐Buhi³

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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Background Shortly after the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, an outbreak of mpox introduced another critical public health emergency. Like the COVID-19 pandemic, the mpox outbreak was characterized by a rising prevalence of public health misinformation on social media, through which many US adults receive and engage with news. Digital misinformation continues to challenge the efforts of public health officials in providing accurate and timely information to the public. We examine the evolving topic distributions of social media narratives during the mpox outbreak to map the tension between rapidly diffusing misinformation and public health communication. Objective This study aims to observe topical themes occurring in a large-scale collection of tweets about mpox using deep learning. Methods We leveraged a data set comprised of all mpox-related tweets that were posted between May 7, 2022, and July 23, 2022. We then applied Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations From Transformers (S-BERT) to the content of each tweet to generate a representation of its content in high-dimensional vector space, where semantically similar tweets will be located closely together. We projected the set of tweet embeddings to a 2D map by applying principal component analysis and Uniform Manifold Approximation Projection (UMAP). Finally, we group these data points into 7 topical clusters using k-means clustering and analyze each cluster to determine its dominant topics. We analyze the prevalence of each cluster over time to evaluate longitudinal thematic changes. Results Our deep-learning pipeline revealed 7 distinct clusters of content: (1) cynicism, (2) exasperation, (3) COVID-19, (4) men who have sex with men, (5) case reports, (6) vaccination, and (7) World Health Organization (WHO). Clusters that largely communicated erroneous or irrelevant information began earlier and grew faster, reaching a wider audience than later communications by official instances and health officials. Conclusions Within a few weeks of the first reported mpox cases, an avalanche of mostly false, misleading, irrelevant, or damaging information started to circulate on social media. Official institutions, including the WHO, acted promptly, providing case reports and accurate information within weeks, but were overshadowed by rapidly spreading social media chatter. Our results point to the need for real-time monitoring of social media content to optimize responses to public health emergencies.

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Monkeypox 2022 Outbreak: How Alarming Is the Situation? Epidemiological and Clinical Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models

Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models

Monkey Pox and its Impact on the Human Health in the World

Misinformation and Public Health Messaging in the Early Stages of the Mpox Outbreak: Mapping the Twitter Narrative With Deep Learning

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