How accurate is size and distance perception for very far terrestrial objects? Function and causality

Higashiyama, Atsuki; Shimono, Koichi

doi:10.3758/bf03205300

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Higashiyama and Kitano (1991) demonstrated that other conditions being equal, S′/D′ is larger for neutral targets than for familiar persons. Higashiyama and Shimono (1994) argued that S′/D′ is larger in a reduced condition of viewing than in a normal condition of viewing. All of these studies have indicated that size and distance judgments are not influenced uniformly by environmental and task variables.…”

Section: Sdihmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors examining visual space perception (Baird & Wagner, 1991;Gogel, 1998;Hershenson, 1992), haptic space perception (Barac-Cikoja & Turvey, 1995), and space cognition (Hubbard, Kall, & Baird, 1989) have developed their arguments on the basis of Equation 6. However, several studies (Gogel, Wist, & Harker, 1963;Higashiyama & Kitano, 1991;Vogel & Teghtsoonian, 1972) have provided evidence that Equation 6 is too restrictive to describe the relations among S′, D′, and θ. Alternatively, a number of studies (Foley, 1967(Foley, , 1968Higashiyama & Shimono, 1994;Oyama, 1974) have assumed that S′/D′ is a power function of θ:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

Higashiyama

Shimono

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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We investigated spatial perception of virtual images that were produced by convex and plane mirrors. In Experiment 1, 36 subjects reproduced both the perceived size and the perceived distance of virtual images for five targets that had been placed at a real distance of 10 or 20 m. In Experiment 2, 30 subjects verbally judged both the perceived size and the perceived distance of virtual images for five targets that were placed at each of five real distances of 2.5 -45 m. In both experiments, the subjects received objective-size and objective-distance instructions. The results were that (1) size constancy was attained for a distance of up to 45 m, (2) distance was readily discriminated within this distance range, although virtual images produced by the mirror of strong curvature were judged to be farther away than those produced by the mirrors of less curvature, and (3) the ratio of perceived size to perceived distance was described as a power function of visual angle, and the ratio for the convex mirror was larger than that for the plane mirror. We compared the taking-into-account model and the direct perception model on the basis of a correlation analysis for proximal, virtual, and real levels of the stimuli. The taking-into-account model, which assumes that visual angle is transformed into perceived size by taking perceived distance into account, was supported by an analysis for the proximal level of stimuli. The direct perception model, which assumes that there is no inferential process between perceived size and perceived distance, was partially supported by an analysis for the distal level of the stimuli.

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Section: Sdihmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

Higashiyama

Shimono

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…However, substituting terms other than ()' for ()has been proposed. According to these possibilities, ()' equals K(}(see Gogel & Da Silva, 1987a), Ke» (Foley, 1967(Foley, , 1968Gogel, 1971;Oyama, 1974), or a(}+ b (Higashiyama & Shimono, 1994), where K, n, a, and b are constants whose values depend upon the conditions. In direct measurements of ()' it has been found (often using quite different procedures) that the size of ()' obtained can substantially exceed that of () (Higashiyama, 1992), can equal () (Gogel, 1982), or in some cases can be considerably less than ()(see Gogel & Eby, 1997).…”

Section: Primary and Secondary Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of perceptions from changes in optical size

Gogel

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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The allocation of perceived size and perceived motion or displacement in depth resulting from retinal size changes (changes in the visual angle of the stimulus) was investigated in situations in which all other cues of perceived changes in distance were absent. The allocation process was represented by the size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), in which, for a given change in visual angle, the perceived depth was determined only by the amount of size constancy available. The changes in perceived size and perceived distance (perceived depth) were measured by kinesthetic observer (open-loop) adjustments in five situations. These situations consisted of optical expansions or contractions presented successively or simultaneously or as a mixture of successive and simultaneous presentations. The amounts of perceived motion or perceived displacement in depth obtained by kinesthetic measures were compared with those obtained from size constancy measures as applied to the SDIH. This latter measure accounted for more of the perceived depth obtained from simultaneous and mixed situations than it did for the perceived depth from the successive situations and more for the perceived depth obtained from the expansion than from the contraction situations, whether these were simultaneous or mixed. Perceived rigidity of the stimulus (perfect size constancy) clearly was not obtained in any of the situations. Significant partial size constancy and some predictive ability of the perceived sagittal motion was found using the SDIHin all the situations except in the successively presented contraction situation, with the predictive ability from the SDIH increasing with increases in the amount of size constancy. The difference between the observer's measures of the perceived motion or displacement in depth and the amount of perceived motion or displacement predicted from the perceptions of linear size using the SDIH is asserted to be due to a cognitive process associated with the perception of the different stimulus sizes as off-sized objects..The depth cue of optical expansion or contraction (successive optical changes in size) and the depth cue of relative size or perspective (simultaneous optical changes in size) have some similar and some different characteristics. A similar characteristic is that in both situations the size of the stimulus on the eye changes systematically, producing perceptions of linear size and motion or displacement in distance even when the conditions are such that no other sources of information as to changing size or distance are available to the observer except the single variable of the changing visual angle of the stimulus. The perceived depth or perceived sagittal motion and the changes in perceived linear size resulting from the retinal changes or differences, under these circumstances, indicates that an increase in one of these perceptions often is accompanied by a decrease in the other. This can be described as a tradeoff between smaller changes in perceived linear size (an increasing amount of si...

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“…Reviews of the early literature do not in general support this idea (2) , and neither do recent experiments (3)(4) . Classical SDI also fails to explain most size illusions (5)(6)(7)(8) .…”

Section: Predicted Effects On Perceived Sizementioning

confidence: 92%

“…In this version, misperceptions of linear size may occur through misperceptions of angular size or of distance, or of both. There is currently little evidence as to whether perceptual SDI holds any better than classical SDI, and the existing evidence is weak (3) . It is, however, worth enquiring whether the theory could account for underwater size perception.…”

Section: Predicted Effects On Perceived Sizementioning

confidence: 99%