How a Highly Complex Three-Dimensional Network of Blood Vessels Regresses: The Gill Blood Vascular System of Tadpoles of Xenopus during Metamorphosis. A SEM Study on Microvascular Corrosion Casts

Minnich, Bernd; Bartel, H; Lametschwandtner, Alois

doi:10.1006/mvre.2002.2422

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In contrast, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts (Murakami, 1971;Lametschwandtner et al, 1984;Aharinejad and Lametschwandtner, 1992) has a sufficiently high power of resolution to visualize the entire vasa vasorum circulatory bed from the feeding arterial stem vessels throughout the capillaries to the draining venous vasa vasorum. The great depth of focus of the SEM, and the possibility to take stereopaired images for subsequent 3D morphometry (Malkusch et al, 1995;Minnich et al, 1999Minnich et al, , 2002, enables the measurement of parameters in the casted vasa vasorum required to calculate flow and pressure gradients within the vascular network. Additionally, it can provide the vascular parameters needed to define which optimality principle(s) (Murray, 1926a(Murray, , 1926bGössl et al, 2003) are applicable to the vasa vasorum of the aged human GSV.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

et al. 2004

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The vasa vasorum of skeletonized and nonskeletonized segments of five human great saphenous veins (GSVs), harvested during coronary bypass grafting, were cannulated, rinsed, and injected (casted) with the polymerizing resin Mercox-Cl-2B. After removal of the dry vascular tissue, the casts were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Stereopaired images (tilt angle, 6°) were taken, imported into a 3D morphometry system, and the 3D architecture of the vasa vasorum (arterial and venous vasa as well as capillaries) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of vasa diameters, intervascular and interbranching distances, and branching angles. Diameters of parent (d 0 ) and large (d 1 ) and small (d 2 ) daughter vessels of arterial and venous bifurcations served to calculate asymmetry ratios (␣) and area ratios (␤). Additionally, deviations of bifurcations and branching angles from optimal branches were calculated for selected arterial vasa. The arrangement of the vasa vasorum closely followed the longitudinally oriented connective tissue fibers in the adventitia and the circularly arranged smooth muscle cell layers within the outer layers of the media. Venous vasa by far outnumbered arterial vasa. Vasa vasorum changed their course several times in acute angles and revealed numerous circular constrictions, kinks, and outpouchings. Due to their spatial arrangement, the vasa vasorum are prone to tolerate vessel wall distension generated by acute increases in blood pressure or stretching of the vessel without severe impact on vessel functions. Preliminary comparisons of data from the bifurcations of cast arterial vasa vasorum, with calculated optimal bifurcations, do not yet give clear insights into the optimality principle(s) governing the design of arterial vasa vasorum bifurcations of the human GSVs.

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confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

et al. 2004

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“…The gills are derived from the branchial arch and are important for gaseous exchange and regulating osmosis, including calcium homeostasis, in amphibian tadpoles. The internal gill filaments are composed of epithelium, cartilage, mesenchyme, and blood vessels, and form a highly complex structure after hatching (Minnich et al, 2002). The EGFP fluorescence patterns and changes in the internal gill observed in the present study indicate that the gill filaments start to develop after the swimming tadpole stage and become increasingly complex until the pro-metamorphic stage.…”

Section: Expression Of the Fgk Gene In Various Organs During Metamorpmentioning

confidence: 48%

Characterization of a novel type I keratin gene and generation of transgenic lines with fluorescent reporter genes driven by its promoter/enhancer in Xenopus laevis

Suzuki

Kashiwagi

Ujihara

et al. 2010

Developmental Dynamics

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We investigated the characteristics of a novel type I keratin gene in Xenopus laevis during ontogenesis. The transcript was first detected in the posterior region at the late neurula stage, and then restricted to the fin and external gill during embryogenesis. To examine the transcriptional regulation of the keratin gene in vivo, we generated transgenic lines with fluorescent reporter genes driven by its 4.2-kb upstream sequence. The promoter/enhancer activity recapitulated the endogenous gene expression during embryogenesis. Sequential deletion analyses revealed that the regions proximal to the promoter were essential for fin-specific expression. Reporter expression was detected in various organs, including the fin and gill. In particular, robust expression was observed in the developing limbs and gill. The reporter fluorescence rapidly decreased with internal gill resorption during metamorphosis. The transgenic lines carrying the promoter/enhancer should represent valuable tools for elucidating the formation, development and resorption of various organs, especially the gill. Developmental Dynamics 239:3172-3181,

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“…The Mercox II system combines excellent permeability through the entire vascular bed, excellent infiltration properties, short time of preparation and polymerization, minimal shrinkage and high chemical resistance. Although its price is rather high, it is a method of choice for the vascular corrosion casts (Bartel & Lametschwandtner, 2000;Minnich et al, 2002;Lametschwandtner et al, 2004;Kachlik & Baca, 2006, Kachlík & Hoch, 2008.…”

Section: Casting Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After 5 minutes of stirring the resin with the catalyst, it was possible to fill a volume of approximately 20 ml before the Mercox started to harden. To prevent any vascular lesions and artifacts, the use of an infusion pump appears to be warranted (Minnich et al, 2002).…”

Section: Casting Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating Micro-CT Imaging with Quantitative Histology

Gregor¹,

Kochová²,

Eberlová³

et al. 2012

Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

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How a Highly Complex Three-Dimensional Network of Blood Vessels Regresses: The Gill Blood Vascular System of Tadpoles of Xenopus during Metamorphosis. A SEM Study on Microvascular Corrosion Casts

Cited by 27 publications

References 16 publications

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

Three‐dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

Characterization of a novel type I keratin gene and generation of transgenic lines with fluorescent reporter genes driven by its promoter/enhancer in Xenopus laevis

Correlating Micro-CT Imaging with Quantitative Histology

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